Abstract
Ruminants are less susceptible to the effects of mycotoxins than monogastric animals as their rumen microbiota are claimed to degrade and/or deactivate at least some of these toxic compounds. However, the mycotoxin degradation is not well-known yet. For this, a sensitive, specific, and accurate analytical method is needed to determine mycotoxins in the rumen fluid. This study aims to develop and thoroughly validate an ultra-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry method for the quantitative determination in the rumen fluid of some of the most relevant mycotoxins found in maize silage in Western Europe: deoxynivalenol (DON), nivalenol (NIV), zearalenone (ZEN), mycophenolic acid (MPA), roquefortine C (ROQ-C) and enniatin B (ENN B), as well as their metabolites deepoxy-deoxynivalenol (DOM-1), α-zearalenol (α-ZEL), β-zearalenol (β-ZEL), zearalanone (ZAN), α-zearalanol (α-ZAL) and β-zearalanol (β-ZAL). As feed is often present in the rumen fluid samples, the potential interaction of feed particles with the mycotoxin extraction and analysis was investigated. Extraction recovery and matrix effects were determined in the rumen fluid with and without maize silage. Differences in those parameters between rumen fluid alone and rumen fluid with maize silage highlight the importance of using matrix-matched calibration curves for the quantification of mycotoxins in rumen fluid samples. A cross-validation of the method with rumen fluid and maize silage demonstrates that this analytical method can be applied in research on rumen fluid samples to investigate the degradation of the reported mycotoxins by rumen microbiota if matrix-matched calibration is performed.
Highlights
IntroductionMycotoxins are secondary fungal metabolites that are harmful to humans and/or animals.Monogastric animals, in particular pigs, are more susceptible to toxic effects of mycotoxins than ruminants as the symbiosis of ruminants with rumen microbiota allows (partial) mycotoxin degradation [1,2]
Mycotoxins are secondary fungal metabolites that are harmful to humans and/or animals.Monogastric animals, in particular pigs, are more susceptible to toxic effects of mycotoxins than ruminants as the symbiosis of ruminants with rumen microbiota allows mycotoxin degradation [1,2]
Several criteria were taken into account when developing the ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC)-MS/MS method
Summary
Mycotoxins are secondary fungal metabolites that are harmful to humans and/or animals.Monogastric animals, in particular pigs, are more susceptible to toxic effects of mycotoxins than ruminants as the symbiosis of ruminants with rumen microbiota allows (partial) mycotoxin degradation [1,2]. The increased milk yield during the past decades is associated with a higher incidence of metabolic disorders and a lower detoxifying capacity of mycotoxins in the rumen [3], and with a higher rumen passage rate and a higher proportion of highly fermentable maize silage in the ration of cows. This maize silage is more vulnerable to contamination with multiple mycotoxins than e.g., grassland products [4,5,6]. In Belgium, which has a temperate climate, some of the most important mycotoxins found in maize silage are deoxynivalenol (DON), nivalenol (NIV), zearalenone (ZEN), mycophenolic acid (MPA), roquefortine C (ROQ-C), and enniatins, especially enniatin B (ENN B) [4,7,8,9] (Tables S1 and S2)
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