Abstract
Runoff is an important component of the water balance of agricultural fields. Accurate measurement or estimation of agricultural runoff is important due to its potential impact on water quantity and quality. Since runoff from agricultural fields is sporadic and is often associated with irrigation and/or intense rainfall events, manually measuring runoff and collecting water samples for water quality analysis during runoff events is inconvenient and impractical. In the fall of 2017, a field site was selected at the Clemson University Edisto Research and Education Center with the objective of developing, constructing, and testing an Internet of things (IoT) flume system to automatically measure runoff and collect water samples. In 2018, an automatic IoT system was developed and installed consisting of six stainless steel H-flumes (22.9-cm), which measured runoff from six adjacent research plots under two different cultural regimes (cover crop and no cover crop). An electronic eTape sensor was installed in the flume and used to measure the water level or the flume’s head. Open-source electronic (Arduino) devices and a cloud-based platform were then used to create a wireless sensor network and IoT system to automatically record the amount of runoff (hydrograph) coming from each section, collect water samples and transmit the data to a Cloud server (Thingspeak.com) where the data can be viewed remotely in real-time. The IoT flume system has been operating successfully and reliably for more than two years.
Highlights
Runoff is an essential process in agricultural production since it affects the amount of rainfall water retained in the field and available to grow crops
In the fall of 2017, a field site was selected at the Clemson University Edisto Research and Education Center with the objective of developing, constructing, and testing an Internet of things (IoT) flume system to automatically measure runoff and collect water samples
A runoff hydrograph was recorded and generated on ThingSpeak website for Flume #3 during a runoff event that occurred on Feb 25-26, 2020 (Figure 13)
Summary
Runoff is an essential process in agricultural production since it affects the amount of rainfall water retained in the field and available to grow crops. Runoff can cause soil erosion, transport soil particles, soil nutrients, and pesticides that can contaminate water sources while degrading soil structure, health, and productivity over time. Because of these potential effects, it is crucial to quantify the quantity, quality, and timing of agricultural runoff. Much effort has been devoted to developing and using models to estimate runoff using local rainfall data [1]-[6] These models can be useful for a variety of practical, real-world applications, actual field measurements are still required to accurately characterize the impact of specific local conditions or farming practices on runoff quantity and quality and evaluate and calibrate existing models under local conditions
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