Development of an Instrument to Assess Nutritional Risk Factors for Children Infected with Human Immunodeficiency Virus

Abstract

Objective To produce a simple and effective instrument to evaluate and monitor the nutritional risk of children infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Design The test instrument was developed in consultation with 5 physicians, 5 nutritionists, and 5 social workers with expertise in caring for HIV-infected children. Patient information was collected through medical record review for 19 sociodemographic, 10 anthropometric, 4 biochemical, 6 dietary intake, and 19 medical factors. As a part of routine nutrition care, anthropometric data were obtained and the caregiver was asked to complete a 3-day diet record. Also recorded were the most recent CD4+ T-cell numbers and serum HIV p24 antigen and plasma HIV RNA levels. Subjects/setting Thirty-nine HIV-infected children were selected using quota sampling; that is, subjects were stratified by clinical class as defined by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Statistical analysis The severity or degree of potential nutritional risk in each section (anthropometric, biochemical, dietary intake, and medical data) was graded (0 to 4, 0=low risk) and summed. Reliability of internal consistency was determined through covariance matrixes. Validity was determined through Pearson product moment correlation coefficients to measure convergent and divergent validity; predictive validity was determined using analysis of variance. Correlation for validity was compared to 6 selected dependent variables: weight for height, weight growth velocity, lean body mass, serum albumin level, CD 4+ T-cell numbers, and quantitative plasma HIV RNA levels. Results Of the 38 factors that were analyzed for reliability, 11 fell in the strongly reliable range: height for age, weight for age, clinical class, somatic protein stores, mid-arm circumference, weight for height, serum albumin, immunologic status, body mass index, energy intake, and opportunistic infection. Conclusions Anthropometric, dietary intake, and medical data were reliable indicators of nutritional risk. The entire instrument was reliable after 8 of the weakest items were removed. The instrument was found to be valid and a good predictor of nutritional risk in HIV-infected children. J Am Diet Assoc. 2000; 100:323-329.