Development of an innovative maceration technique to optimize extraction and phase partition of natural products

Abstract

The active component extraction from plants is the first crucial step in natural product research. For non-targeted extraction with an objective to isolate and characterize as many compounds as possible, the most classical technique, and the simplest to implement, is the Soxhlet extraction; however, it does not allow retrieving all the compounds from the plant (when it does not additionally cause artifacts during long heating process). The second most used technique is the extraction by successive macerations using solvents of increasing polarity. While this method is frequently used, few studies are available to rationalize and optimize it. Furthermore, this extraction technique requires some enhancement mainly for efficiency, environmental and time constraint reasons. Here, we present an innovative method of successive macerations using a mixture of solvents with the aim of simultaneously improving the yield, the partition of the compounds between the different phases and reducing the volume of extraction solvents. Triphasic systems were prepared by mixing five solvents (n-heptane, ethyl acetate, acetonitrile, butan-1-ol, water) in various proportions. To validate this method, the most efficient triphasic system was subsequently used to perform three successive macerations with a polarity gradient on a model plant before being extended to several alpine plants. Our results showed an overall good yield compared to conventional maceration techniques, while improving phase partition and reducing extraction time and volume of solvents.