Abstract
The rapid development and adaptation of advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS) and autonomous driving increases the burden of in-vehicle networks. In-vehicle networks are now required to provide a fast data rate and bounded delay for real-time operation, while conventional protocols such as controller area networks, local interconnected networks, and FlexRay begin to show limitations. Ethernet-based time-sensitive network (TSN) technology has been proposed as an alternative. TSN is a set of Ethernet standards being developed by the IEEE TSN task group, which aims to satisfy requirements such as real-time operation, stability, and low and bounded latency, and it can be used in automotive, industrial, and aerospace applications. This study introduces several standards for Ethernet traffic scheduling based on TSN technology and proposes a heuristic-based scheduling algorithm for Ethernet scheduling. In addition, three network configurations are simulated using OMNeT++ to show the applicability. The heuristic TSN scheduling algorithm is a straightforward and systematic procedure for practical network designers.
Highlights
In-vehicle network (IVN) protocols such as controller area network (CAN), local interconnect network (LIN), and FlexRay have been employed to accommodate various requirements for data exchange between electronic control units (ECUs) [1,2,3]
Sensors used for autonomous driving such as light detection and ranging (LiDAR), radar, and cameras require a large amount of data exchange for sensor fusion and artificial intelligence processing [4,5,6,7,8,9,10]
This study proposes a heuristic scheduling algorithm for scheduled traffic (ST) on a time-sensitive network (TSN) Ethernet network used as an in-vehicle network, assuming that the network traffic is light to moderate as most in-vehicle networks are designed
Summary
In-vehicle network (IVN) protocols such as controller area network (CAN), local interconnect network (LIN), and FlexRay have been employed to accommodate various requirements for data exchange between electronic control units (ECUs) [1,2,3]. TSN includes synchronization technology standards for devices in Ethernet-based networks, scheduling for meeting real-time requirements, stream reservation protocols, and frame preemption, for application to automotive, industrial, and aerospace fields. IEEE 802.1Qbv includes a mechanism for controlling eight queues in an egress port through gate opening and closing and specifies the required parameters This standard does not provide a method for creating tables for frame scheduling. Multiple studies have proposed network scheduling optimization methods for vehicles, such as time-triggered (TT) Ethernet and FlexRay. Steiner applied the satisfiability modulo theories (SMT) solver to ensure TT traffic transmission in TT-Ethernet, and introduced a slot between schedules to reduce the rate-constrained (RC) traffic delay in a follow-up study [15,16]. This study proposes a heuristic scheduling algorithm for ST on a TSN Ethernet network used as an in-vehicle network, assuming that the network traffic is light to moderate as most in-vehicle networks are designed.
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