Development of an effective solid base catalyst from potassium based chicken bone (K-CBs) composite for biodiesel production from a mixture of non-edible feedstocks

Abstract

ABSTRACT Methanolysis reaction of mixed waste chicken fat and waste cooking oil for biodiesel (BD) production employing solid base catalyst derived from waste chicken bones was examined in this study. A potassium-based chicken bones (K-CBs) composites were created through wet impregnation, and the attained catalysts were calcined at numerous temperatures (500°C- 900°C) for diverse durations (30–180 minutes). The typical composite was identified by Brunauer Emmett Teller (BET) surface area, Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FESEM), Fourier-Transform Infra-Red spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy, and Thermal Gravimetric Analysis (TGA). The basicity of the K-CBs catalyst was tested in terms of the Hammett indicator (H_). The results exhibited that the CBs impregnated with 40.0% KOH solution and calcined at 700°C for 120 minutes manifested the best catalyst (40 K/CBs700). A quantity of 4.0 wt.% of the 40 K/CBs700°C using 6:1 methanol: feedstock molar ratio at 60°C reaction temperature for 120 minutes, were the optimal conditions produced the highest yield (97.44 ± 1.50%) of BD. 1HNMR and FTIR spectroscopy verified the transformation of the said mixture of lipids to BD. The pseudo-first-order model with 48.81 kJ/mol activation energy was best represented the transesterification kinetic. Moreover, the prepared catalyst (40 K/CBs700) exhibited continued activity after being recycled and reused five times with a BD yield of 80.0%. Henceforth, the 40 K/CBs700 could be an appropriate catalyst for BD creation at the industrial scale.