Abstract
Additive manufacturing (AM) processes have undergone significant progress in recent years, having been implemented in sectors as diverse as automotive, aerospace, electrical component manufacturing, etc. In the medical sector, different devices are printed, such as implants, surgical guides, scaffolds, tissue engineering, etc. Although nowadays some implants are made of plastics or ceramics, metals have been traditionally employed in their manufacture. However, metallic implants obtained by traditional methods such as machining have the drawbacks that they are manufactured in standard sizes, and that it is difficult to obtain porous structures that favor fixation of the prostheses by means of osseointegration. The present paper presents an overview of the use of AM technologies to manufacture metallic implants. First, the different technologies used for metals are presented, focusing on the main advantages and drawbacks of each one of them. Considered technologies are binder jetting (BJ), selective laser melting (SLM), electron beam melting (EBM), direct energy deposition (DED), and material extrusion by fused filament fabrication (FFF) with metal filled polymers. Then, different metals used in the medical sector are listed, and their properties are summarized, with the focus on Ti and CoCr alloys. They are divided into two groups, namely ferrous and non-ferrous alloys. Finally, the state-of-art about the manufacture of metallic implants with AM technologies is summarized. The present paper will help to explain the latest progress in the application of AM processes to the manufacture of implants.
Highlights
Industry is undergoing the 4th industrial revolution, which involves a lot of different fields such as nanotechnology, Internet of Things (IoT), and Artificial Intelligence (AI), among others
It is associated with plastic materials such as polylactic acid (PLA) or acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS), the filament can be filled with a high percentage of metallic particles in order to print metallic parts
A pelvic specific implant was manufactured in Ti-6Al-4-V with electron beam melting (EBM) and subsequently the fatigue limit using the rough surfaces obtained by 3D printing when compared to conventional implanted [162]
Summary
Industry is undergoing the 4th industrial revolution, which involves a lot of different fields such as nanotechnology, Internet of Things (IoT), and Artificial Intelligence (AI), among others. Polymers are common in different medical applications such as tissue engineering [2], and the the planet’s increasing every year, along with life expectancy. To imagine the different medical can arise.inFor example, the employed in scaffolds in recent years the useproblems of metalsthat has increased medicine. They appearance diseases or more people need ofguides surgery forprostheses organs transplantation welletc. Paper focuses on the recent advances in AM of metallic implants, which are tissues or Improvement in the strength prostheses that are placed inside or of onimplants.
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