Abstract
Wear tests of joint prostheses are usually performed using bovine calf serum. The results from different laboratories are hardly ever comparable as, for example, the protein concentration and the protein composition of the serum-based test liquids vary. In addition, the viscosity of these test liquids is similar to that of water and does not match the more viscous synovial fluid. The present work was aimed at developing a synthetic synovial fluid as an alternative to the existing test liquids. Improved consistency and reproducibility of results at a similar price were required. Hyaluronic acid (HA), the lyophilized proteins bovine serum albumin (BSA) and immunoglobulin G (IgG), the phospholipid lecithin (PL) and salts were applied in a stepwise approach to replace the actually used test liquid based on newborn calf serum. The in vitro results obtained with ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) pins sliding against CoCrMo discs revealed that the developed synthetic synovial fluid fulfils the set requirements: increase of viscosity, reasonable cost, improved consistency and wear particles which resemble the ones found in vivo. The developed synthetic synovial fluid with 3 g/L HA, 19 g/L BSA, 11 g/L IgG, 0.1 g/L PL and Ringer solution is a more realistic alternative to the used serum-based test liquid.
Highlights
Preclinical wear tests are necessary to predict the in vivo performance of joint prostheses.Conditions that mimic the in vivo situations are indispensable for significant and reliable results
This was close to the viscosity of water (0.86 ± 0.03 mPas), which was used as a reference
Hyaluronic acid, the viscosity increased to 12–65 mPas
Summary
Preclinical wear tests are necessary to predict the in vivo performance of joint prostheses.Conditions that mimic the in vivo situations are indispensable for significant and reliable results. Preclinical wear tests are necessary to predict the in vivo performance of joint prostheses. The arising motion and load inside the joints during different movements are well understood [1,2] and the motion and load cycles for walking are normed by the ISO standards 14242-1/-3 and 14243-1/-3 for the simulation of hip and knee joints, respectively [3,4,5,6]. 14242-1 for hip joint simulators recommended the use of calf serum (25% ± 2%) diluted with deionized water. In this case, the problem arose that the starting protein concentrations of calf sera varied, e.g., from 30–50 g/L for foetal bovine serum, from 55–80 g/L for newborn calf serum (NCS) or from 63–83 g/L for bovine serum. The protein concentrations in the final test liquid varied
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