Abstract
Capripox virus (CaPV)-induced diseases (lumpy skin disease, sheeppox, goatpox) are described as the most serious pox diseases of livestock animals, and therefore are listed as notifiable diseases under guidelines of the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE). Until now, only live-attenuated vaccines are commercially available for the control of CaPV. Due to numerous potential problems after vaccination (e.g., loss of the disease-free status of the respective country, the possibility of vaccine virus shedding and transmission as well as the risk of recombination with field strains during natural outbreaks), the use of these vaccines must be considered carefully and is not recommended in CaPV-free countries. Therefore, innocuous and efficacious inactivated vaccines against CaPV would provide a great tool for control of these diseases. Unfortunately, most inactivated Capripox vaccines were reported as insufficient and protection seemed to be only short-lived. Nevertheless, a few studies dealing with inactivated vaccines against CaPV are published, giving evidence for good clinical protection against CaPV-infections. In our studies, a low molecular weight copolymer-adjuvanted vaccine formulation was able to induce sterile immunity in the respective animals after severe challenge infection. Our findings strongly support the possibility of useful inactivated vaccines against CaPV-infections, and indicate a marked impact of the chosen adjuvant for the level of protection.
Highlights
Lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV), sheeppox virus (SPPV) and goatpox virus (GTPV)are the three species of the genus Capripoxvirus within the Poxviridae family [1]
Animals vaccinated with the inactivated prototype vaccine (Group 1C) did not show adverse effects towards immunization, and good clinical protection could be observed after challenge infection, some animals showed local reactions after inoculation of challenge virus
An increase of the antibody reactivities could be detected in the days following the inoculation of challenge virus (Figure 6). These findings provide evidence that inactivated LSDV can protect cattle from severe clinical course of lumpy skin disease (LSD)
Summary
Lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV), sheeppox virus (SPPV) and goatpox virus (GTPV)are the three species of the genus Capripoxvirus within the Poxviridae family [1]. Mechanical transmission via ticks [8,9,10,11] or via common use of drinking troughs of infected an naïve cattle [12] as well as seminal transmission [13] have been reported. Until now it is unknown where the virus resides during non-vector seasons [14]. The economic damage caused by capripox virus infections has categorized them as OIE-listed diseases [20,25]. Eradicating the diseases is difficult and time consuming regardless of different options described by OIE guidelines [20]
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