Abstract
The polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) fuel cell system is considered to be an ideal alternative for the internal combustion engine, especially when used on a city bus. Hybrid buses with fuel cell systems and energy storage systems are now undergoing transit service demonstrations worldwide. A hybrid PEM fuel cell city bus with a hierarchical control system is studied in this paper. Firstly, the powertrain and hierarchical control structure is introduced. Secondly, the vehicle control strategy including start-stop strategy, energy management strategy, and fuel cell control strategy, including the hydrogen system and air system control strategies, are described in detail. Finally, the performance of the fuel cell was analyzed based on road test data. Results showed that the different subsystems were well-coordinated. Each component functioned in concert in order to ensure that both safety and speed requirements were satisfied. The output current of the fuel cell system changed slowly and the output voltage was limited to a certain range, thereby enhancing durability of the fuel cell. Furthermore, the economic performance was optimized by avoiding low load conditions.
Highlights
Since fossil fuel energy resources are becoming scarcer and the environment is negatively affected by their combustion, increasing attention is being paid to electric vehicles (EVs) [1]
Junzhi Zhang developed a braking energy regeneration control strategy coordinating the regenerative brake and the pneumatic brake for a fuel cell hybrid bus, the results showed that the fuel consumption was improved by 11.5% and the brake safety was guaranteed at the same time [20]
The city bus is driven by two electric wheel motors with a power rating of 65 kW each, and is powered by a Li‐ion battery as the primary power source and a polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) fuel cell as the auxiliary power powered by a Li-ion battery as the primary power source and a PEM fuel cell as the auxiliary power unit
Summary
Since fossil fuel energy resources are becoming scarcer and the environment is negatively affected by their combustion, increasing attention is being paid to electric vehicles (EVs) [1]. Junzhi Zhang developed a braking energy regeneration control strategy coordinating the regenerative brake and the pneumatic brake for a fuel cell hybrid bus, the results showed that the fuel consumption was improved by 11.5% and the brake safety was guaranteed at the same time [20]. Xu et al proposed an adaptive supervisory control strategy for a fuel cell/batter y-powered city bus to fulfill the complex road conditions in Beijing bus routes, what lowered fuel consumption from 9.5 kg (100 km) ́1 to 9.3 kg (100 km) ́1 [21] They set up a simulation model to compare the DDP (Determined Dynamic Programming) strategy, the DBSD (Charge Depleting-Blended-Sustaining-Depleting) strategy and the CDCS (Charge Depleting and Charge Sustaining) strategies.
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