Abstract
Approximately 800 million people live without clean drinking water. Diarrhoea is responsible for between 1.7 and 2 million deaths each year (primarily children) which are the result of poor drinking water quality and sanitation. The main aim of this study was to demonstrate the production of drinking water from a raw water source using an off-grid drinking water production system. The off-grid drinking water production system (DWPS) developed at UWE Bristol, combines an ultra-filtration (UF) system with in situ generation of electrochemically activated solutions (ECAS). ECAS has two functional roles within the system; to manage biofilms within the UF system and as a disinfectant. Integrated in-situ probes (pH, oxidation reduction potential, chlorine, conductivity and dissolved oxygen) coupled with a water quality sensing network (pH, water temperature, conductivity and dissolved oxygen) enabled real time monitoring of; the operational efficiency of the DWPS, and the physicochemical parameters of both the raw water source and the produced drinking water. Spot samples of both raw and treated water were sent for independent chemical and microbial analysis at an accredited laboratory which demonstrated that the DWPS produced biologically safe potable drinking water according to the Drinking Water Inspectorate (DWI) standards. Samples from the raw water source were shown to be consistently unsuitable for human consumption, failing several of the DWI standards for potable water supply, including coliform bacteria. This study demonstrated that the novel off-grid DWPS was capable of producing DWI standard drinking water from a heavily biologically contaminated water source.
Highlights
An estimated 800 million people worldwide do not have access to improved drinking water sources [1,2,3], with 1.2 billion people unable to access reliable electricity sources [4,5].there is a need for low energy technological solutions for the provisioning of safe drinking water
The main aim of this study was to demonstrate the production of drinking water from a raw water source to Drinking Water Inspectorate (DWI) standards, using a decentralised, off-grid, drinking water production system (DWPS)
Water that was treated by the DWPS was shown to contain zero (0 cfu 100 mL-1) levels of coliforms, Escherichia coli, Enterococci and Clostridium perfringens
Summary
An estimated 800 million people worldwide do not have access to improved drinking water sources [1,2,3], with 1.2 billion people unable to access reliable electricity sources [4,5].there is a need for low energy technological solutions for the provisioning of safe drinking water. Sufficient safe drinking water provisioning for an increasing population will require the development of sustainable, reliable and robust water treatment systems. The consumption of contaminated water, or poor water quality, is the cause of between 1.7 and 2 million deaths each year from diarrhoeal diseases [7,8,9,10] The majority of these deaths are in developing or transitional countries which have inadequate sanitation conditions [11], and do not have established water distribution systems. In developing or transitional countries, communities which are unable to access improved water sources often live in remote or transitory locations, ‘centralised’ drinking water treatment facilities and distribution systems are not sustainable options from a financial or resource efficient perspective
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