Development of a new continuous homogenous liquid phase microextraction procedure based on in-situ preparation of deep eutectic solvent; application in the analysis of aliphatic amines in urine samples by GC–MS

Abstract

In the present work, a new microextraction procedure combined with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry has been developed for the analysis of several aliphatic amines from urine sample. The sample preparation method was a continuous homogenous liquid phase microextraction that was based on in-situ preparation of 4-chlorophenol: choline chloride deep eutectic solvent. The deep eutectic solvent was prepared by passing the mixture of related compounds through a syringe barrel filled with exothermic salts (calcium chloride and potassium bromide). The released heat by dissolving the salts and increasing the solution ionic strength assists the formation of the deep eutectic solvent. The influence of various factors on the efficiency of the proposed procedure including salts amount, flow rate, pH, salting-out effect, and extraction solvent volume was studied. The calibration curves were linear broadly over the concentration range of 1.2–250 ng mL−1 with coefficient of determinations ≥0.996. The enrichment factors were in the range of 188–246 and the limits of detection and quantification were 0.16–0.37 and 0.56–1.2 ng mL−1, respectively. Based on the results, the offered method was sensitive, rapid, eco-friendly, and efficient for extracting and determining aliphatic amines in urine samples.