Abstract
Iron (Fe) is an essential nutrient, but is poorly bioavailable because of its low solubility in alkaline soils; this leads to reduced agricultural productivity. To overcome this problem, we first showed that the soil application of synthetic 2′-deoxymugineic acid, a natural phytosiderophore from the Poaceae, can recover Fe deficiency in rice grown in calcareous soil. However, the high cost and poor stability of synthetic 2′-deoxymugineic acid preclude its agricultural use. In this work, we develop a more stable and less expensive analog, proline-2′-deoxymugineic acid, and demonstrate its practical synthesis and transport of its Fe-chelated form across the plasma membrane by Fe(III)•2’-deoxymugineic acid transporters. Possibility of its use as an iron fertilizer on alkaline soils is supported by promotion of rice growth in a calcareous soil by soil application of metal free proline-2’-deoxymugineic acid.
Highlights
Iron (Fe) is an essential nutrient, but is poorly bioavailable because of its low solubility in alkaline soils; this leads to reduced agricultural productivity
The rice plant is sensitive to Fe deficiency because of its low deoxymugineic acid (DMA) secretion and remains difficult to grow on alkaline soils, the whole rice genome has been decoded and considerable rice-related molecular biology information has been accumulated
Because natural phytosiderophores are secreted into rhizospheres and make complexes with Fe in the soil, we investigated whether application of unchelated PDMA to calcareous soil is effective for rice plants
Summary
Iron (Fe) is an essential nutrient, but is poorly bioavailable because of its low solubility in alkaline soils; this leads to reduced agricultural productivity To overcome this problem, we first showed that the soil application of synthetic 2′-deoxymugineic acid, a natural phytosiderophore from the Poaceae, can recover Fe deficiency in rice grown in calcareous soil. Despite the high total Fe content of alkaline soils, most plants have difficulty absorbing the Fe because it exists as water-insoluble ferrichydroxide or ferric-oxide To overcome this problem, members of the Poaceae have developed a sophisticated mechanism of Fe acquisition through secretion of mugineic acid family phytosiderophores (MAs) into the rhizosphere. We describe the development and application of an innovative derivative of DMA as a fertilizer with improved stability and reduced cost
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