Abstract
Developing low-cost and simple thermally regenerative ammonia-based batteries is a promising method to harvest low-grade waste heat. This paper proposes a membrane-less microfluidic thermally regenerative ammonia-based battery (M-TRAB) for harvesting low-grade waste heat. A liquid–liquid interface is developed by flowing co-laminar streams of anolyte and catholyte in a microchannel. It can replace the anion exchange membrane for separating reactants. A M-TRAB with a flow rate of 1500 μL min−1 obtains the maximum power density of 27 W m−2. The stable output voltage is generated with different flow rates, and the maximum theoretical thermal energy efficiency can reach 1.3% (the relative Carnot efficiency is 14.9%). And the influences of the microchannel length and NH3 concentration on the performance are investigated. Moreover, based on the lower density of anolyte than catholyte, a novel upward-anode structure forms a clearer interface, and almost non-existent ammonia-crossover occurs, especially in a tapered channel. And a maximum power density of 54.8 W m−2 is obtained. It indicates that the low-cost M-TRAB is a potential choice for assistant cooling in small systems.
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