Development of a liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS) method for characterizing pomegranate extract pharmacokinetics in humans

Abstract

Pomegranate extracts standardized to punicalagins are a rich source of ellagitannins including ellagic acid (EA). Recent evidence suggests that gut microbiota-derived urolithin (Uro) metabolites of ellagitannins are pharmacologically active. Studies have evaluated the pharmacokinetics of EA, however, little is known about the disposition of urolithin metabolites (urolithin A (UA) and B (UB)). To address this gap, we developed and applied a novel ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) assay for the characterization of EA and Uro oral pharmacokinetics in humans. Subjects (10/cohort) received a single oral dose (250 or 1000 mg) of pomegranate extract (Pomella® extract) standardized to contain not less than 30 % punicalagins, < 5 % EA, and not less than 50 % polyphenols. Plasma samples, collected over 48 h, were treated with β-glucuronidase and sulfatase to permit comparison between unconjugated and conjugated forms of EA, UA and UB. EA and urolithins were separated by gradient elution (acetonitrile/water, 0.1 % formic acid) using a C18 column connected to a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer operating in the negative mode. Conjugated EA exposure was ∼5–8-fold higher than unconjugated EA for both dose groups. Conjugated UA was readily detectable beginning ∼8 h post-dosing, however, unconjugated UA was detectable in only a few subjects. Neither form of UB was detected. Together these data indicate EA is rapidly absorbed and conjugated following oral administration of Pomella® extract. Moreover, UA’s delayed appearance in the blood, primarily in the conjugated form, is consistent with gut microbiota-mediated metabolism of EA to UA, which is then rapidly converted to its conjugated form.