Abstract
The object of research is methods of remote ecological monitoring of the surface layer of the atmosphere within residential areas and industrial zones of big cities. For the remote determination of the quantitative characteristics of gas and aerosol air pollution with high accuracy and spatial resolution, a mobile laser complex has been proposed. Determination of the composition and concentration of gas pollutants is carried out using two methods – the differential absorption method and the spontaneous Raman scattering (SRS) method. The differential absorption method is used to detect low concentrations of polluting gases along a stationary sounding path. The spontaneous Raman scattering method is used for remote detection of harmful gaseous substances at their concentrations exceeding the maximum permissible standards. SRS method used in the developed gas aerosol lidar allows one to obtain three-dimensional distributions of the concentrations of the gases being determined with a resolution of the order of one meter. This makes it possible to quickly and accurately identify environmentally hazardous sources of air pollution and reasonably apply penalties to violators of environmental standards. Remote analysis of the aerosol composition of the surface layer of the atmosphere is carried out using lidar holography methods, which were developed in the laboratory of radio and optical holography of V.N. Karazin Kharkiv National University (Ukraine). The difference in reflection from liquid and solid aerosol particles makes it possible to form polarization holograms and consider them separately for liquid and solid aerosols. Quantitative analysis of the composition and concentration of particles observed from their holographic images is characterized by a high level of sensitivity, since, unlike other known methods, it does not require a priori assumptions about the qualitative composition of the determined aerosol. Thus, due to the use of various physical principles of the interaction of laser radiation with gaseous and aerosol components of the air, the developed laser complex for environmental monitoring of the atmosphere is an effective means of monitoring the state of the air in the conditions of modern megacities.
Highlights
The widespread use of fossil fuels such as oil, coal, gas in industry, transport and in everyday life leads to the emission of an ever-increasing amount of gaseous and aerosol pollutants into the atmosphere
The structural-algorithmic method of increasing the accuracy is based on the introduction of test influences into the measuring transducer, which allow obtaining information about the measured value, and about errors for correcting the conversion function and increasing the measurement accuracy [30]
The differential absorption method is effective for determining the average concentration of pollutant gases along a fixed sounding path when it is necessary to determine the presence of small amounts of the most common pollutants
Summary
The widespread use of fossil fuels such as oil, coal, gas in industry, transport and in everyday life leads to the emission of an ever-increasing amount of gaseous and aerosol pollutants into the atmosphere. These substances affect natural physical and chemical processes in nature, the life of animals and, especially, people. Automobile transport is one of the most dangerous sources of air pollution. Dangerous toxic substances are formed in the atmosphere in secondary reactions during the chemical interaction of pollutants emitted from man-made sources under the influence of solar radiation (transformation processes). In connection with the constantly increasing anthropogenic pollution of the Earth’s biosphere, the development and implementation of the latest methods of environmental monitoring is becoming increasingly important
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