Abstract
Salvia splendens, scarlet or tropical sage, is a tender perennial herbaceous flowering plant popularly grown in public and private gardens all over the world. In this study, we developed a set of simple sequence repeats (SSRs) from genome-wide sequences to assess the genetic diversity and population structure among 112 cultivars. We obtained 364,379 SSRs by mining scarlet sage’s recently published whole genome sequence; 14,545 gene-associated SSR loci were identified in 2 kb gene flanking regions. Among the 768 gene-associated SSR primer sets we screened, 576 loci successfully amplified in DNA pools of 3–4 different cultivars, of which 271 remained polymorphic when tested across eight individual plants. We searched for the related gene functions attributable to these gene-associated SSRs using diverse databases, resulting in 259 Non-redundant matching sequences, 205 individual Gene Ontology (GO) terms, 236 assigned to eukaryotic orthologous groups, and 67 KEGG-annotated (Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes) sequences. We finally selected 41 polymorphic SSR loci to infer genetic diversity and population structure among 112 S. splendens accessions. Based on the developed gene-associated SSRs, clustering analyses consistently revealed two distinct genetic groups within the core collection of S. splendens cultivars. This work developed and characterized an exhaustive set of genome-wide gene-associated SSR markers for scarlet sage. These SSRs can provide species identification, genetic diversity and population structure information for S. splendens, and will therefore be important tools for the management and protection of S. splendens germplasm.
Highlights
Salvia splendens Ker-Gawler [National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) taxon ID:180675], known as scarlet sage or tropical sage, belongs to the Labiatae Salvia perennial herbs native to Brazil (Clebsch, 2003)
There were less than 3% (810) long-unit simple sequence repeats (SSRs) loci that we discovered in S. splendens (Table 1 and Figure 1A)
We successfully developed and characterized a large set of genome-wide gene-associated SSR markers for scarlet sage
Summary
Salvia splendens Ker-Gawler [National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) taxon ID:180675], known as scarlet sage or tropical sage, belongs to the Labiatae Salvia perennial herbs native to Brazil (Clebsch, 2003). While S. splendens is a perennial of warmer climate zones, it is often grown in annual cultivation within cooler areas. When grown as an annual, it Genetic Characterization in Scarlet Sage represents an important herbaceous flowering plant often used in parterre configurations. Due to its dense flowers, its wide variation of colors (scarlet, purple, pink, blue, lavender, salmon, yellow green, white, and bicolor), and long-lasting flowering (3– 9 weeks or longer), scarlet sage is a very popular bedding plant widely cultivated in public gardens world-wide (Griffiths, 1994; Clebsch, 2003). S. splendens can provide outstanding visual effects when grown in beds, borders, and containers; further advantages include its long lifespan from late spring to the occurrences of first frosts and that its flower is easy to maintain and largely pestfree (Regnault-Roger, 1997). Scarlet sage’s demand on the market is ever increasing (Fu et al, 2009), and breeding new varieties is accelerating (Dong, 2009)
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