Development of a Highly Proliferated Bilayer Coating on 316L Stainless Steel Implants.

Fatemeh Khosravi,Rasoul Esmaeely Neisiany,Oisik Das,Erfan Rezvani Ghomi,Fatemeh Ejeian,Mohammad Hossein Nasr-Esfahani,Shahla Khalili,Saied Nouri Khorasani

doi:10.3390/polym12051022

Abstract

In this research, a bilayer coating has been applied on the surface of 316 L stainless steel (316LSS) to provide highly proliferated metallic implants for bone regeneration. The first layer was prepared using electrophoretic deposition of graphene oxide (GO), while the top layer was coated utilizing electrospinning of poly (ε-caprolactone) (PCL)/gelatin (Ge)/forsterite solutions. The morphology, porosity, wettability, biodegradability, bioactivity, cell attachment and cell viability of the prepared coatings were evaluated. The Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM) results revealed the formation of uniform, continuous, and bead-free nanofibers. The Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDS) results confirmed well-distributed forsterite nanoparticles in the structure of the top coating. The porosity of the electrospun nanofibers was found to be above 70%. The water contact angle measurements indicated an improvement in the wettability of the coating by increasing the amount of nanoparticles. Furthermore, the electrospun nanofibers containing 1 and 3 wt.% of forsterite nanoparticles showed significant bioactivity after soaking in the simulated body fluid (SBF) solution for 21 days. In addition, to investigate the in vitro analysis, the MG-63 cells were cultured on the PCL/Ge/forsterite and GO-PCL/Ge/forsterite coatings. The results confirmed an excellent cell adhesion along with considerable cell growth and proliferation. It should be also noted that the existence of the forsterite nanoparticles and the GO layer substantially enhanced the cell proliferation of the coatings.

Highlights

At present, numerous types of bone diseases, e.g., bone fractures, bone infections, bone cancers, and genetic diseases are rising due to increasing prevalence of physical inactivity, obesity and lack of safe exercising [1]
Different types of materials such as metals, polymers, and ceramics are used as biomedical implants [9]
The results showed that graphene oxide (GO) incorporation substantially improved the cell attachment, spreading and proliferation of the prepared scaffolds

Summary

Introduction

Numerous types of bone diseases, e.g., bone fractures, bone infections, bone cancers, and genetic diseases are rising due to increasing prevalence of physical inactivity, obesity and lack of safe exercising [1]. Emerging tissue engineering strategies provide a remarkable opportunity for the regeneration of injured tissues through the fabrication of the artificial constructs [5,6]. Such structures must afford a suitable microenvironment for cell attachment and proliferation to stimulate the damaged tissue formation [7]. Different types of materials such as metals, polymers, and ceramics are used as biomedical implants [9]. The metallic implants such as stainless steel, cobalt, and titanium alloys are mainly exploited due to the excellent mechanical properties and superior corrosion resistance in orthopedic targets, while polymer and ceramic-based implants exhibit weak and brittle properties [10]. Among the different types of metallic implants, the surgical grade 316LSS is the most common bone-implant offering high mechanical properties, low cost, and availability [11]

Objectives

Methods

Results

Conclusion