Development of a highly efficient hot-wire laser hybrid process for narrow-gap welding—welding phenomena and their adequate conditions

Abstract

The purpose of this work is to develop hot-wire laser welding for narrow-gap joints. Test pieces of ASTM A 304 stainless steel with a gap width of 3 mm were used. With welding by tentative filler rod made of Inconel 600 alloy, melting phenomena of the molten pool and the weld bead formation during welding were investigated by in situ observation using a high-speed camera. Variations in the main welding parameters such as wire current, wire feeding position, laser irradiation angle, and wire feeding angle were investigated to determine appropriate conditions. Experiments showed that under the optimum welding conditions, hot-wire laser welding was able to produce complete weld deposition with very low dilution of the base metal. An experiment on laser beam reflection indicated that the laser beam reflected from the molten pool was a crucial phenomenon to explain the formation of the weld bead, especially in terms of melting the side groove wall of the base metal. Welding parameters as mentioned above significantly affected weld quality. Furthermore, in the case of welding with filler wire ER NiCrCoMo-1, the Vickers hardness distribution along the transverse welding direction was examined to evaluate weld properties and the bonding strength at the fusion interface was examined in a tensile test, and the results showed that there was no great difference in the hardness profile throughout the cross section of the weld plate. Additionally, metallurgical examination of the fracture surface revealed the rupture occurred at the weld metal, probably because the bonding at the fusion interface was stronger than the weld metal. Therefore, the development of laser welding with hot wire can advance the multi-pass weld for an ultra-narrow-gap joint.