Abstract
Continuous use of the pesticide chlorpyrifos has resulted in harmful contaminations in environment and species. Based on a chlorpyrifos-degrading fungus Cladosporium cladosporioides strain Hu-01 (collection number: CCTCC M 20711), a fungal wettable powder preparation was developed aiming to efficiently remove chlorpyrifos residues from vegetables. The formula was determined to be 11.0% of carboxymethyl cellulose-Na, 9.0% of polyethylene glycol 6000, 5.0% of primary alcohol ethoxylate, 2.5% of glycine, 5.0% of fucose, 27.5% of kaolin and 40% of freeze dried fungi by response surface methodology (RSM). The results of quality inspection indicated that the fungal preparation could reach manufacturing standards. Finally, the degradation of chlorpyrifos by this fungal preparation was determined on pre-harvest cabbage. Compared to the controls without fungal preparation, the degradation of chlorpyrifos on cabbages, which was sprayed with the fungal preparation, was up to 91% after 7 d. These results suggested this freeze-dried fungal wettable powder may possess potential for biodegradation of chlorpyrifos residues on vegetables and provide a potential strategy for food and environment safety against pesticide residues.
Highlights
Chlorpyrifos is a broad–spectrum, moderately toxic organophosphorus pesticide [1]
Given the fact that biodegradation is an enzymatic reaction, the microbial activity of pesticide-degrading microorganisms is affected by external factors
Assistant agents are all ingredients except the active compounds in microbial preparation and they help remain the extracted enzymes active and available [25,26]
Summary
Chlorpyrifos is a broad–spectrum, moderately toxic organophosphorus pesticide [1]. Since been first introduced into market in 1960s, chlorpyrifos has been globally used in pest control in agriculture and home for its acute neurotoxic effects through acetylcholinesterase inhibition and consequent cholinergic hyper stimulation [2,3]. There is ample evidences that chlorpyrifos for controlling insects agriculturally or residentially can adversely affect non-target organisms like fish [6], bees [7], silkworms and rats [8]. These potential threats lead to a great concern of environment and food safety and human health for its potential toxic [9,10]. It is urgent to develop an efficient and convenient strategy able to eliminate the chlorpyrifos residues on vegetables and soils so that the food and environment safety can be guaranteed
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