Abstract
Simple SummaryDonkeys originally evolved as a desert animal, and unlike the horse (which flees or runs away from danger), the donkey fights to avert danger. Hence, donkeys are more stoic and tend to express fear, pain, and discomfort in more subtle ways than horses. For owners and practitioners, it can prove to be challenging to identify donkeys in a state of pain or discomfort until the animal has reached an advanced degree of disease, at which point veterinary intervention may be too late. This study aims to identify signs of pain from both facial and body parameters in donkeys undergoing a surgical procedure. Scores were based on noted signs of discomfort/pain from the observed body language of the face, such as the eyes, ears, nose, nostrils, and muzzle, along with their overall body appearance. The study demonstrated that developing a scoring system donkey grimace scale proved to be accurate in identifying discomfort related to pain. However, the accuracy of the scale can be influenced by the observers’ gender, level of donkey knowledge, and experience.The objectives of this study were to establish a donkey ethogram, followed by a donkey grimace scale to be applied to donkeys pre- and post-castration and to test if there was a notable difference in scores based on observer knowledge, gender, and experience, which could reveal possible discomfort/pain. Nine healthy male adult donkeys were surgically castrated. Fifty-four photos were selected from frontal, lateral, and body views taken pre- and post-castration. Observers ranging from minimal to extensive knowledge and levels of experience based on education and hours/month spent with donkeys scored six photos/donkey on a scale of 0–2 (0 = not present, 1 = moderately present, 2 = obviously present). Scores were based on body language and facial parameters: Ears down, ears back, eye white showing, glazed look, orbital tightening, eyes round shape, nostril tension, eyes narrow shape, muzzle tension, and abnormal stance and overall perception of the animal being in pain. Level of experience and knowledge, as well as gender significantly (p < 0.001), affected observers’ ability to accurately score images. The study suggests that the most significant indicators of pain in donkeys are overall appearance and abnormal body stance provided their sensitivity, specificity and accuracy values of 63.18%, 62.07%, and 62.60%, respectively.
Highlights
The misconception that donkeys do not feel pain to the degree that horses do, by suggesting donkeys have a higher level of pain tolerance, combined with a difficulty to identify indicators of pain in donkeys [1], has likely deprived many donkeys of receiving treatment when ill or injured [2,3]
The ethogram created from the present study suggested that observing the overall body posture and reactions of donkeys may improve our chances of recognizing pain in donkeys, as has been indicated in a study by Grint et al [4]
Our study’s results indicate the importance of observing more than just the face of the donkey to identify signs of pain. Facial indicators, such as ears, eyes, nostrils may be more influenced by external factors, such as other donkeys and the environment of the donkeys, it is important to look at the donkey as a whole for signs of behavior related to pain [21]
Summary
The misconception that donkeys do not feel pain to the degree that horses do, by suggesting donkeys have a higher level of pain tolerance, combined with a difficulty to identify indicators of pain in donkeys [1], has likely deprived many donkeys of receiving treatment when ill or injured [2,3]. Donkeys are often described as stoic animals, meaning they may endure pain or hardship without the display of feelings and complaints. Due to this behavior, a donkey may mask pain with behaviors, such as sham eating or by only showing slight indications of pain, such as a twitch to the tail or change in posture. A donkey may mask pain with behaviors, such as sham eating or by only showing slight indications of pain, such as a twitch to the tail or change in posture These subtle behaviors may go unnoticed, concealing illness/injury [2,3,8,9]
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