Abstract
Infecting large portions of the global poultry populations, the avian infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) remains a major economic burden in North America. With more than 30 serotypes globally distributed, Arkansas, Connecticut, Delaware, Georgia, and Massachusetts are among the most predominant serotypes in the United States. Even though vaccination is widely used, the high mutation rate exhibited by IBV is continuously triggering the emergence of new viral strains and hindering control and prevention measures. For that reason, targeted strategies based on constantly updated information on the IBV circulation are necessary. Here, we sampled IBV-infected farms from one US state and collected and analyzed 65 genetic sequences coming from three different lineages along with the immunization information of each sampled farm. Phylodynamic analyses showed that IBV dispersal velocity was 12.3 km/year. The majority of IBV infections appeared to have derived from the introduction of the Arkansas DPI serotype, and the Arkansas DPI and Georgia 13 were the predominant serotypes. When analyzed against IBV sequences collected across the United States and deposited in the GenBank database, the most likely viral origin of our sequences was from the states of Alabama, Georgia, and Delaware. Information about vaccination showed that the MILDVAC-MASS+ARK vaccine was applied on 26% of the farms. Using a publicly accessible open-source tool for real-time interactive tracking of pathogen spread and evolution, we analyzed the spatiotemporal spread of IBV and developed an online reporting dashboard. Overall, our work demonstrates how the combination of genetic and spatial information could be used to track the spread and evolution of poultry diseases, providing timely information to the industry. Our results could allow producers and veterinarians to monitor in near-real time the current IBV strain circulating, making it more informative, for example, in vaccination-related decisions.
Highlights
Infectious bronchitis is caused by the worldwide distributed avian gammacoronavirus infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) [1], a highly contagious disease that a?ects the respiratory, renal, and reproductive system of poultry [2]
Phylodynamic patterns of IBV spread, visualized through SkyGrid plot, showed a constant decrease in the relative genetic diversity that has been maintained until March 2019 (Figure 4B)
We found that 67% of our sequences appear widely distributed through the IBV phylogeny, while 43% is divided into three clusters showing a close relationship with sequences coming from Alabama, Georgia, and Delaware IBV sequences
Summary
Infectious bronchitis is caused by the worldwide distributed avian gammacoronavirus infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) [1], a highly contagious disease that a?ects the respiratory, renal, and reproductive system of poultry [2]. IBV is broadly distributed within commercial poultry operations [3], and its global economic impact has been estimated to be second after the highly pathogenic avian influenza [4] This virus circulates in the form of many, ever-changing variants, some of which are globally distributed, while others are found only in specific locations and countries [5]. The importance of phylogeography and phylodynamics on characterizing the evolutionary history of IBV has been previously described, pointing out the direct impact of IBV control and poultry production [33,34,35] These fields have seen the development of analytical methods that can take advantage of genetic data to characterize the spatiotemporal and evolutionary patterns of infectious diseases by reconstructing how pathogens spread across landscapes [36,37,38,39]
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