Development of a diffuse reflectance probe for in situ measurement of inherent optical properties in sea ice

Christophe Perron,Marcel Babin,Pierre Marquet,Louis-Philippe Guinard,Christian Katlein,Edouard Leymarie,Simon Lambert-Girard

doi:10.5194/tc-15-4483-2021

Abstract

Abstract. Detailed characterization of the spatially and temporally varying inherent optical properties (IOPs) of sea ice is necessary to better predict energy and mass balances, as well as ice-associated primary production. Here we present the development of an active optical probe to measure IOPs of a small volume of sea ice (dm3) in situ and non-destructively. The probe is derived from the diffuse reflectance method used to measure the IOPs of human tissues. The instrument emits light into the ice by the use of an optical fibre. Backscattered light is measured at multiple distances away from the source using several receiving fibres. Comparison to a Monte Carlo simulated lookup table allows, in theory, retrieval of the absorption coefficient, the reduced scattering coefficient and a phase function similarity parameter γ, introduced by Bevilacqua and Depeursinge (1999). γ depends on the two first moments of the Legendre polynomials, allowing the analysis of the backscattered light not satisfying the diffusion regime. The depth reached into the medium by detected photons was estimated using Monte Carlo simulations: the maximum depth reached by 95 % of the detected photons was between 40±2 and 270±20 mm depending on the source–detector distance and on the ice scattering properties. The magnitude of the instrument validation error on the reduced scattering coefficient ranged from 0.07 % for the most scattering medium to 35 % for the less scattering medium over the 2 orders of magnitude we validated. Fixing the absorption coefficient and γ, which proved difficult to measure, vertical profiles of the reduced scattering coefficient were obtained with decimetre resolution on first-year Arctic interior sea ice on Baffin Island in early spring 2019. We measured values of up to 7.1 m−1 for the uppermost layer of interior ice and down to 0.15±0.05 m−1 for the bottommost layer. These values are in the range of polar interior sea ice measurements published by other authors. The inversion of the reduced scattering coefficient at this scale was strongly dependent on the value of γ, highlighting the need to define the higher moments of the phase function. This newly developed probe provides a fast and reliable means for measurement of scattering in sea ice.

Highlights

The optical properties of sea ice govern how incident shortwave radiation is partitioned into reflection, absorption and transmission at the surface of ice-covered polar oceans
To study the temporal and spatial variations in the inherent optical properties (IOPs) of sea ice in situ, we developed an active optical probe based on the principle of spatially resolved diffuse reflectance
The fundamental IOPs involved in the radiative transfer equation are the absorption coefficient a, which describes the probability of a photon being absorbed per unit of length, the scattering coefficient b, which describes the probability of a photon being scattered per unit of length, and the phase function p, which describes the angular distribution of redirected scattered photons (Mobley et al, 2010)

Summary

Introduction

The optical properties of sea ice govern how incident shortwave radiation is partitioned into reflection, absorption and transmission at the surface of ice-covered polar oceans. C. Perron et al.: Diffuse reflectance probe for in situ measurement of inherent optical properties in sea ice ovich and Polashenski, 2012; Rösel and Kaleschke, 2012). Perron et al.: Diffuse reflectance probe for in situ measurement of inherent optical properties in sea ice ovich and Polashenski, 2012; Rösel and Kaleschke, 2012) These ice transformations increase photosynthetically available radiation, which can result, in given conditions, in higher primary production in and under the ice (Arrigo et al, 2012, 2008; Fernández-Méndez et al, 2015). The fundamental IOPs involved in the radiative transfer equation are the absorption coefficient a, which describes the probability of a photon being absorbed per unit of length, the scattering coefficient b, which describes the probability of a photon being scattered per unit of length, and the phase function p, which describes the angular distribution of redirected scattered photons (Mobley et al, 2010).

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Discussion

Conclusion