Development of a Curriculum for Emergency Physicians to Teach Transesophageal Echocardiography for Cardiac Arrests: A Kern Six-Step Model

Abstract

BACKGROUND: The Kern model facilitates the development, implementation, and evaluation of successful educational systems in medicine. It involves six steps that link curricular content to health care needs. One such need is the design of a curriculum to teach emergency physicians practical use of focused transesophageal echocardiography employing a limited number of views for management of out-of-hospital cardiac arrests. The objective of this analysis was to describe the components of such a curriculum based on a Kern model that could be employed to train emergency department providers in this diagnostic modality. METHODS: We predicated our analysis on the American College of Emergency Physicians’ recommendations and goals for use of transesophageal echocardiography to guide emergency department cardiac arrest resuscitation. We then detailed an asynchronous pre-didactic learning experience followed by a synchronous didactic and simulation-based curriculum to teach emergency physicians how to acquire and interpret images for this purpose based upon steps set forth by a Kern model. RESULTS: The component steps in designing a curriculum constructed to teach focused transesophageal echocardiography for out-of-hospital cardiac arrests to emergency physicians are rigorously outlined. These components based on a Kern model include problem identification and a general needs assessment, a targeted needs assessment, defining goals and objectives, choosing educational strategies, curricular implementation, and program evaluation. CONCLUSIONS: Use of a six-step Kern model as a template can facilitate the development and dissemination of a curriculum to teach emergency physicians successfully to employ focused transesophageal echocardiography in the treatment of cardiac arrests. In order to promote its widest dissemination, this model should be pursued in a “train-the-trainer” fashion. In so doing, appropriate education of emergency physicians and their use of transesophageal echocardiography to manage cardiac arrests likely can be rapid and impactful, especially among providers with training and experience in transthoracic echocardiography.