Abstract
In order to develop a new Kishk-based ripened semi-hard cheese, two different wheat types, namely Bourghol and Semolina, were used. The process involved adding together cereal, goat strained yogurt, starter cultures and rennin enzyme. Physicochemical parameters and sensory attributes were assessed during 4 weeks of ripening at 10°C. The results showed an increase in titratable acidity, pH and solubility index in both types of cheese over ripening period reaching final levels of 1.95%, 3.75 and 85% respectively. Free amino acids were accumulating in Semolina cheese (17.75 mg Leu/g in final product), with a sharp increase after week 2 concurring with a marked decrease in residual lactose. A higher depletion rate of residual lactose was observed for Semolina cheese (49% in Semolina vs 40% in Bourghol) (p<0.05), reflecting better utilization of lactose by LAB. Both types of cheese showed limited oxidation rates (low peroxide and TBARS values) and balanced lipolysis, where FFA formed by the latter decreased after week 2. Texture analysis showed that Kishk-cheese made using Bourghol was always harder (p<0.05) than that of Semolina. Sensory analysis showed that cheese obtained from Bourghol tends to be more yellowish, harder with closed and crumbly body, together with a grainy texture in mouth and pronounced cereal flavor, whereas cheese obtained from Semolina tends to be sour, creamy with a sticky and cohesive texture, and rich lactic, buttery and cheesy flavors. Hedonic tests showed a significant difference (p<0.05) in preference between both types of cheese where Semolina was always preferred except for odor.
Highlights
Kishk, a popular component of the Middle Eastern diet, is a traditional dairy product that has been rurally produced for many years ago
Free amino acids were accumulating in Semolina cheese (17.75 mg Leu/g in final product), with a sharp increase after week 2 concurring with a marked decrease in residual lactose
Sensory analysis showed that cheese obtained from Bourghol tends to be more yellowish, harder with closed and crumbly body, together with a grainy texture in mouth and pronounced cereal flavor, whereas cheese obtained from Semolina tends to be sour, creamy with a sticky and cohesive texture, and rich lactic, buttery and cheesy flavors
Summary
A popular component of the Middle Eastern diet, is a traditional dairy product that has been rurally produced for many years ago. Others focused on the texture and viscosity of Kishk products (Abu-Jdayil et al, 2000), rheological properties of the Kishk powder (Salameh et al, 2016) and the substitution of Bourghol with oat, whole wheatmeal, wheat flour, chickpeas, freekeh and other cereals to enhance Kishk nutritional properties (Tamime, Muir, Ashley & Barclay, 2000; Nassar, shamsia & Attia, 2016). In an attempt to produce a highly-flavored cheese with unique textural properties, substitution of Bourghol with Semolina was investigated. Since Bourghol is rich in insoluble dietary fiber and gelatinized starch, its substitution with white coarse Semolina (processed from the endosperm, source of soluble fiber and protein) would induce properties changes in the final product. A comprehensive sensory profiling was established for this new product as well as hedonic tests in order to apprehend consumer preferences regarding the two proposed versions of Kishk-cheese
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