Development of a cognitive bias modification intervention for anxiety disorders in primary care.

Abstract

There is a great need for low-intensity, scalable treatments in primary care, where most anxious patients first present for treatment. We describe Stage IA treatment development and a Stage IB feasibility trial of cognitive bias modification (CBM) for transdiagnostic anxiety in primary care. The online intervention, Mental Habits, comprised eight sessions of a personalized CBM targeting attention and interpretation biases. Coaches assisted patients in using the website, monitored progress via a dashboard, and shared information with primary care providers. We evaluated Mental Habits in an open trial (N = 14) and a randomized controlled trial (RCT) (N = 40) in primary care patients with anxiety disorders. We compared results to a priori benchmarks of clinically meaningful outcomes. In the open trial, Mental Habits met feasibility, acceptability, and efficacy benchmarks. In the pilot RCT, there was greater dropout at one study site which ultimately closed. In the intent-to-treat analyses, Mental Habits met the benchmark for self-report, but not the interview measure of anxiety. Symptom Tracking did not meet the benchmark for self-report or interview measures of anxiety. In per-protocol analyses, Mental Habits exceeded the benchmark for both self-report and interview measures, whereas Symptom Tracking met the benchmark for self-report. Interpretation bias improved in the Mental Habits group, but not in Symptom Tracking. No effects were observed for attention bias. The online CBM intervention demonstrated good acceptability and, when delivered at a stable primary care clinic, preliminary effectiveness in primary care. A larger RCT is warranted to test effectiveness. A personalized, transdiagnostic Cognitive Bias Modification (CBM) intervention for anxiety in primary care is acceptable to primary care patients with social anxiety disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, and/or panic disorder /agoraphobia. With training and supervision from licensed mental health clinicians, bachelor's-level coaches can assist primary care patients to self-administer CBM. Offering a low-intensity, self-directed anxiety intervention in primary care can greatly expand the reach of anxiety treatment, with minimal need for additional resources. Interpretation bias may be an important clinical target for primary care patients with anxiety.