Abstract
Background: Considering the increasing prevalence rate of smoking among Iranian adolescents,and recent evidence on the relationship between obscenity of smoking and tendency of adolescents towards the behavior, there is a need for an appropriate measurement tool to measure the level of obscenity on cigarette smoking among adolescents. This study was conducted to develop a valid and reliable questionnaire for measuring the obscenity of cigarette smoking in adolescents. Methods: This study was conducted in Tabriz, Iran, using an exploratory sequential mixed methods design. To explain the concept of obscenity and develop the questionnaire’s items, 18 students attended semi-structured individual interviews and 13 others took part in focus group discussions (FGDs) in three groups of 4-5. Extracting and summarizing the codes derived from the interviews, an item pool was developed, from which the initial draft of the scale was provided.Next, the psychometric properties of the scale were assessed using face, content, construct, and predictive validity, as well as internal consistency, and reliability in a sample of 1013 high school students. Results: The 22-item Cigarette Smoking Obscenity Scale (CSOS) was developed based on thecodes derived from qualitative data. Explanatory factor analysis revealed five-factor structure(Negative Attitude; Negative Consequence; Negative Valuation; Inappropriate Relationship; Agateway to addiction). In confirmatory factor analysis, the χ2/df ratio was 3.911 for the CSOS five-factor structure. Suitable values were obtained for the goodness of fit indices (GFI = 0.88,AGFI = 0.85, NFI = 0.87, IFI = 0.90, CFI = 0.90, RFI = 0.85, and RMSEA = 0.072). The Cronbach’s alpha and intraclass correlation (ICC) coefficients for the constructs ranged between 0.77 to 0.90 and 0.80 to 0.91, respectively. Conclusion: The validity and reliability of the CSOS was appropriate; therefore, it can be used infuture studies as a suitable tool for measuring the obscenity of cigarette smoking in adolescents.
Highlights
The use of tobacco leads to several preventable deaths worldwide.[1]
The number of smokingrelated deaths is estimated to rise from 4.8 million in 2006 to 8.3 million by 2030.2 The World Health Organization (WHO) reports indicate a shift in geography of smoking from the developed to developing countries, which is more acute in Asian countries.[3]
Considering the increasing prevalence rate of smoking among Iranian adolescents, there is a need for an appropriate measurement tool to measure the level of obscenity on cigarette smoking among adolescents
Summary
The use of tobacco ( cigarette) leads to several preventable deaths worldwide.[1]. The prevalence rate of adolescent smoking is reported to be 8% in India,4 15.17% in Saudi Arabia,[5] and 29.6% (32.6% in boys and 26.7% in girls) in Greece.[6] This rate among adolescents is reported between 2.5% and 17% in various studies conducted in Iran.[7,8] This broad range is due to different definitions of “smokers,” enrollment of participants at different age groups, and selection of different study locations. This study was conducted to develop a valid and reliable questionnaire for measuring the obscenity of cigarette smoking in adolescents. Conclusion: The validity and reliability of the CSOS was appropriate; it can be used in future studies as a suitable tool for measuring the obscenity of cigarette smoking in adolescents
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