Abstract
Penconazole is a widely used fungicide in the UK; however, to date, there have been no peer-reviewed publications reporting human metabolism, excretion or biological monitoring data. The objectives of this study were to i) develop a robust analytical method, ii) determine biomarker levels in volunteers exposed to penconazole, and, finally, to iii) measure the metabolites in samples collected as part of a large investigation of rural residents’ exposure. An LC-MS/MS method was developed for penconazole and two oxidative metabolites. Three volunteers received a single oral dose of 0.03 mg/kg body weight and timed urine samples were collected and analysed. The volunteer study demonstrated that both penconazole-OH and penconazole-COOH are excreted in humans following an oral dose and are viable biomarkers. Excretion is rapid with a half-life of less than four hours. Mean recovery of the administered dose was 47% (range 33%–54%) in urine treated with glucuronidase to hydrolyse any conjugates. The results from the residents’ study showed that levels of penconazole-COOH in this population were low with >80% below the limit of detection. Future sampling strategies that include both end of exposure and next day urine samples, as well as contextual data about the route and time of exposure, are recommended.
Highlights
Penconazole (1-[2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)pentyl]-1H-1,2,4-triazole) is a systemic triazole fungicide with preventive and curative properties for the control of powdery mildew [1]
The objectives of the present study were to develop a robust analytical method for quantifying penconazole metabolites in human urine, to determine biomarker levels in volunteers exposed penconazole metabolites in human urine, to determine biomarker levels in volunteers exposed to a single oral dose of penconazole at the acceptable daily intake (ADI) and, to compare this data with measured metabolite to a single oral dose of penconazole at the ADI and, to compare this data with measured levels in samples collected as part of a large investigation of rural residents’ exposure [6,7,8], in which metabolite levels in samples collected as part of a large investigation of rural residents’ exposure [6,7,8], penconazole was one of five target pesticides
We found the peak excretion of metabolites after an oral dose of penconazole occurred within 2 h and was followed by elimination with a half-life of
Summary
Penconazole (1-[2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)pentyl]-1H-1,2,4-triazole) is a systemic triazole fungicide with preventive and curative properties for the control of powdery mildew [1]. It is used within the European Union on fruit and vegetable crops, apples, hops and soft fruit; in the UK, in. A goal of this type of study is to determine appropriate biomarkers of land has been investigated recently [6,7,8]. A goal of this type of study is to determine appropriate pesticide exposure in human samples and to compare amount those biomarkers biomarkers of pesticide exposure in human samples the andrelative to compare theofrelative amount of found those to what might be anticipated from low-level human exposure at the ADI.
Sign-in/Register to view highlights & summary Sign-in/Register to access full text options 
Talk to us
Join us for a 30 min session where you can share your feedback and ask us any queries you have
Schedule a callDisclaimer: All third-party content on this website/platform is and will remain the property of their respective owners and is provided on "as is" basis without any warranties, express or implied. Use of third-party content does not indicate any affiliation, sponsorship with or endorsement by them. Any references to third-party content is to identify the corresponding services and shall be considered fair use under The CopyrightLaw.
