Abstract
To obtain a potential commercial product with floral fragrance and physiological properties from Jasminum sambac flower extracts, enfleurage was conducted for a short time and followed by further extraction through supercritical fluid extraction (SFE). The product extracted through SFE (called 100%SFE) exhibited low physiological activity (including 50.7% antityrosinase activity, 38.6%–45.9% radical scavenging activity, and 6,518–15,003 mg/L half-maximal inhibitory concentration [IC50] of antioxidant activity) and an intense jasmine-like flavor but was nontoxic to CCD-996SK and HEMn cells. By contrast, the residue (called RO) exhibited high physiological activity (94.2%–100%), light jasmine-like flavor, and slight cytotoxicity at the concentration of 4,000 mg/L. When 100%SFE and RO were mixed in the ratio 2 : 8, the resultant mixture exhibited 100% antityrosinase activity, >91.3% radical scavenging activity, strong antioxidant activity (IC50: 273–421 mg/L), high total phenolic content (172.15 mg-GAE/g-extract), noncytotoxicity, and moderately intense jasmine-like flavor; it is also economically competitive. The major antioxidants in these extracts were revealed through gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS). Additionally, the composition and quality of fragrance were confirmed through GC-MS and sensory evaluation, respectively. The major fragrance components in the 2 : 8 extract mixture were benzyl acetate, β-pinene, pentadecyl-2-propyl ester, citronellol, jasminolactone, linalool, farnesol, and jasmone. On the basis of the results, we strongly suggest that the 2 : 8 mixture of extracts from J. sambac flowers can be a powerful antioxidant, whitening, and nontoxic ingredient that can be employed in the pharmaceutical, cosmeceutical, and food industries.
Highlights
Jasminum sambac Linn. (Family Oleaceae) (J. sambac) is an erect or scandent shrub, can grow up to roughly 1–1.5 m, and is cultivated throughout tropical and subtropical regions [1]. e flowering stage of J. sambac is long in Taiwan (May to October), and this flower can be commercially cultivated in Taiwan for producing value-added products, such as essential oils, in both absolute and concrete forms [2]. e value-added products of J. sambac flowers are used extensively in the manufacture of cosmetics, perfumes, drinks, and consumer goods [3]
Fresh J. sambac flowers were collected from agricultural fields (Huatan Township, Changhua County, Taiwan). e species were identified by Dr Hu at the China University of Sciences and Technology (CUST), Taiwan
RO was mostly composed of antioxidant ingredients with strong antityrosinase activity, high antioxidant activity, and slight cytotoxicity
Summary
Jasminum sambac Linn. (Family Oleaceae) (J. sambac) is an erect or scandent shrub, can grow up to roughly 1–1.5 m, and is cultivated throughout tropical and subtropical regions [1]. e flowering stage of J. sambac is long in Taiwan (May to October), and this flower can be commercially cultivated in Taiwan for producing value-added products, such as essential oils, in both absolute and concrete forms [2]. e value-added products of J. sambac flowers are used extensively in the manufacture of cosmetics, perfumes, drinks, and consumer goods (e.g., toilet paper, paper tissues, and detergent) [3]. E flowering stage of J. sambac is long in Taiwan (May to October), and this flower can be commercially cultivated in Taiwan for producing value-added products, such as essential oils, in both absolute and concrete forms [2]. E essential oils and extracts of J. sambac flowers are, safe as functional ingredients for general use in medicines, cosmetics, and food. Supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) is a rapid, selective, and convenient method and is usually performed with pure or modified CO2 [11]. It has the advantages of low operating temperature, short extraction time, favorable selectivity, high environmental compatibility, and little solvent residue [12]. It has the advantages of low operating temperature, short extraction time, favorable selectivity, high environmental compatibility, and little solvent residue [12]. us, SFE is considered one of the most efficient extraction methods in the food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic industries
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