Development and Validation of the Yonsei Face Database (YFace DB).

Kyong-Mee Chung,Soojin Kim,Yeunjoo Kim,Woo Hyun Jung

doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02626

Kyong-Mee Chung, Soojin Kim + Show 2 more

Open Access

https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02626

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Abstract

The purposes of this study were to develop the Yonsei Face Database (YFace DB), consisting of both static and dynamic face stimuli for six basic emotions (happiness, sadness, anger, surprise, fear, and disgust), and to test its validity. The database includes selected pictures (static stimuli) and film clips (dynamic stimuli) of 74 models (50% female) aged between 19 and 40. Thousand four hundred and eighty selected pictures and film clips were assessed for the accuracy, intensity, and naturalness during the validation procedure by 221 undergraduate students. The overall accuracy of the pictures was 76%. Film clips had a higher accuracy, of 83%; the highest accuracy was observed in happiness and the lowest in fear across all conditions (static with mouth open or closed, or dynamic). The accuracy was higher in film clips across all emotions but happiness and disgust, while the naturalness was higher in the pictures than in film clips except for sadness and anger. The intensity varied the most across conditions and emotions. Significant gender effects were found in perception accuracy for both the gender of models and raters. Male raters perceived surprise more accurately in static stimuli with mouth open and in dynamic stimuli while female raters perceived fear more accurately in all conditions. Moreover, sadness and anger expressed in static stimuli with mouth open and fear expressed in dynamic stimuli were perceived more accurately when models were male. Disgust expressed in static stimuli with mouth open and dynamic stimuli, and fear expressed in static stimuli with mouth closed were perceived more accurately when models were female. The YFace DB is the largest Asian face database by far and the first to include both static and dynamic facial expression stimuli, and the current study can provide researchers with a wealth of information about the validity of each stimulus through the validation procedure.

Highlights

Facial expression plays an important role in the formation and maintenance of social relationships between individuals (McKone and Robbins, 2011)
The mean accuracy of the total facial stimuli included in the YFace DB was approximately 76% (SD = 42.60)
Happiness was rated with the highest accuracy, indicating that the raters clearly distinguished happy facial expressions from other types of facial emotion expression

Summary

Introduction

Facial expression plays an important role in the formation and maintenance of social relationships between individuals (McKone and Robbins, 2011). Researchers have investigated various aspects of face perception, including the mechanisms behind facial recognition and discrimination, information processing of faces, development of face perception, and the relationship between mental disorders and face recognition (Tsao and Livingstone, 2008; Calder et al, 2011). Researchers have demonstrated that people develop a template for face perception and continuously modify it as they gain more experience (e.g., norm-based coding), rather than processing individual faces one by one (e.g., exemplar-based coding; Rhodes et al, 2005). Other studies have shown that the face perception differs across age, gender, and race, based on the information at hand (Zebrowitz et al, 2003, 2007; Hess et al, 2004; Becker et al, 2007). Some studies have shown significant correlations between deficits in face perception and various disorders, such as autism spectrum disorder (Dawson et al, 2005; Harms et al, 2010), and schizophrenia (Kohler et al, 2009)

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