Development and Validation of the Depression Inventory for Type 1 Diabetes (DID-1).

Mónica Carreira,Sergio Valdés,María Soledad Ruiz De Adana,Maria Cruz Almaraz,Gabriel Olveira,Marta Domínguez,María Teresa Anarte

doi:10.3390/ijerph182312529

Abstract

People with type 1 diabetes (T1D) are more likely to have depression than the general population and their prognosis is worse. Unfortunately, the characteristics of persons with T1D lead to inadequate screening for depression in this population. To aid in the detection of depression in this population, this study was undertaken to develop a depressive symptoms assessment instrument specific to patients with T1D and to examine its psychometric properties. A total of 207 people with T1D participated in this study. The reliability of the new scale was assessed using Cronbach’s alpha and the Spearman-Brown split-half coefficient. The Depression Inventory for type 1 Diabetes (DID-1), composed of 45 items on a Likert scale (1–7), shows high internal and temporal consistency, as well as adequate concurrent, convergent and discriminant validity. Factor analysis identified 7 factors (Symptoms of depression, Diminished interest, Hopelessness and dissatisfaction, Guilt, Fear, frustration and irritability, Defenselessness, and Interference in daily life) that explained 61.612% of the total variability. The cut-off score for diagnosis was set at 155 points. It was concluded that the DID-1 scale is a reliable, valid and useful tool for the assessment of depressive symptoms, eliminating the bias of other nonspecific diabetes scales.

Highlights

People with diabetes have a higher risk of depression than those who do not have this disease [1,2]
The characteristics of the sample selected for the test-retest were not significantly different from those of the rest of the population for the principal sociodemographic variables: gender, age, time of diagnosis of diabetes and percentage of patients diagnosed with depression according to the structured interview
Many of the somatic symptoms of depression could be attributed to diabetes, making it difficult to determine a specific attribution to comorbid depression [42]

Summary

Introduction

People with diabetes have a higher risk of depression than those who do not have this disease [1,2]. The presence of diabetes complications [3,4] or of other physical diseases together with the diagnosis of diabetes [5] increases the risk of experiencing depression, and the risk of diabetes complications is more prevalent in people with depression [6]. The literature does not usually differentiate between type 1 diabetes (T1D) and type 2 diabetes (T2D), but it is necessary to do so, since the psychosocial factors that play an integral role in managing diabetes differ according to type. Higher depression scores have been reported in people with diabetes, the prevalence rate of depression is three times higher in people with T1D

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Methods

Results

Discussion

Conclusion