Development and Validation of Technological Pedagogical and Content Knowledge – Action Research in Teaching Science Instrument

Abstract

This article describes the development and validation of Technological Pedagogical and Content Knowledge – Action Research in Teaching Science (TPACK-ARTS) Instruments. This instrument measures pre-service science teachers’ perception of action research and TPACK. The development and validation underwent three phases: instrument design, content validation, and construct validation. The items in the instrument were designed based on literature, and nine experts examined the appropriateness of the items in the instrument. The data from the expert validation was analyzed using Lawshe’s Content Validity Ration (CVR) method. The result suggested content validity. Exploratory factor analysis (N = 107) using principal component analysis and Varimax with Kaiser Normalization rotation generates three factors. Confirmatory factor analysis showed that the three-factor model satisfies all the eligibility criteria for fit indices, showing evidence of construct validity. Furthermore, reliability analysis using the composite reliability, average variance extracted, standardized factor loadings