Abstract
Models and simulationshave been developed and applied to a wide variety of monopropellant and bipropellant spacecraft applications, including regulated and blowdown systems. These models and analytical techniques have been validated through the use of actual ight and test data from several programs, and a better understanding of the physical processes affecting internal thermodynamics has been achieved. The in uence of propellant vapor effects for both regulated and blowdown systems has been assessed and quanti ed. It has been determined that one relationship can be used with acceptable accuracy for all convective heat-transfer processes, simplifying the modeling and avoiding excessive complexity. In addition, the modeling approach has been validated over a range of accelerations from near zero g to one g, providing con dence in understanding the differences between ground testing and the ight environment.
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