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Abstract
Novel, accurate, selective, and rapid high-performance liquid chromatography mass spectrometry method was developed for simultaneous analysis of amoxicillin trihydrate, dicloxacillin sodium, and their official impurity 6-aminopenicillanic acid. The chromatographic separation was carried out by applying the mixture on a C18 column (3.5 µm ps, 100 mm × 4.6 mm id) using acetonitrile:water (65 : 35 by volume) as a mobile phase within only 4 min. The quantitative analysis was executed using single quadrupole mass spectrometer in which electrospray ionization, selected ion monitoring, and negative mode were operated. The retention times were 1.61, 2.54, and 3.50 mins for amoxicillin, 6-aminopenicillanic acid, and dicloxacillin, respectively. The method was validated in linear ranges of 2–28 µg mL−1, 2–35 µg mL−1, and 1–10 µg mL−1 for amoxicillin, dicloxacillin, and 6-aminopenicillanic acid, respectively. The results obtained from the suggested HPLC/MS were statistically compared with those obtained from the reported HPLC method, where no significant difference appeared respecting accuracy and precision. According to the analytical eco-scale assessment method, the proposed method was proved to be greener than the reported one, where the analysis time and the amount of the wasted effluent decreased.
Highlights
Amoxicillin trihydrate (AMOX; Figure 1(a)) [1] and dicloxacillin sodium (DIC; Figure 1(b)) [1] are classified as β-lactam antibiotics
Chemical names of AMOX and DIC are 2S, 5R, 6R)-6-[[(2R)-2-amino-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetyl]amino]-3, 3 -dimethyl-7-oxo-4-thia-1-azabicyclo[3.2.0]heptane-2-carboxyl ic acid trihydrate and monosodium (2S, 5R, 6R)-6-[[[3-(2, 6-dichlorophenyl)-5-methylisoxazol-4-yl]carbonyl]amino]-3, 3 -dimethyl-7-oxo-4-thia-1-azabicyclo[3.2.0]heptane-2-carboxyl ate, respectively [1]. e pharmacological action of these antibiotics depends on preventing bacterial cell wall synthesis
DIC resists penicillin-resistant bacteria in which β-lactamase enzymes played a critical role. [2]. 6-Aminopenicillanic acid (6APA), (2S, 5R, 6R)-6-amino-3, 3-dimethyl-7-oxo-4-thia-1azabicyclo[3.2.0]heptane-2-carboxylic acid (Figure 1(c)), is, as of yet, known to be the common contaminant for both AMOX and DIC [3]. is problem usually referred to the fact that 6APA is the common active nucleus, essential for the synthesis of semisynthetic penicillin antibiotics in pharmaceutical industries
Summary
Amoxicillin trihydrate (AMOX; Figure 1(a)) [1] and dicloxacillin sodium (DIC; Figure 1(b)) [1] are classified as β-lactam antibiotics. DIC resists penicillin-resistant bacteria in which β-lactamase enzymes played a critical role. 6-Aminopenicillanic acid (6APA), (2S, 5R, 6R)-6-amino-3, 3-dimethyl-7-oxo-4-thia-1azabicyclo[3.2.0]heptane-2-carboxylic acid (Figure 1(c)), is, as of yet, known to be the common contaminant for both AMOX and DIC [3]. Is problem usually referred to the fact that 6APA is the common active nucleus, essential for the synthesis of semisynthetic penicillin antibiotics in pharmaceutical industries. 6-APA has been reported to have less activity against Gram-positive bacteria when compared with penicillin G, whereas its activity is relatively slightly better against Gram-negative organisms [4]. 6-APA has been regarded mainly as the starting block material for a wide range of synthetic penicillins, it shows some antibacterial activity as well. 6-APA has been reported to have less activity against Gram-positive bacteria when compared with penicillin G, whereas its activity is relatively slightly better against Gram-negative organisms [4].
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