Abstract
The purpose of this study was to develop a measurement tool for the interaction between parents and coaches of middle and high school golfers, and to verify its validity. A total of 563 parents participated in the study. Based on the results of preliminary item production, item analysis, reliability analysis, exploratory factor analysis, identification factor analysis, job uniformity analysis, and potential mean comparison analysis, the initial 70 items were constructed according to the conceptualization of parent–coach interactions. The first and second item reduction processes and preliminary surveys were conducted through expert meetings to produce the final 40 items of parent–coach interactions. After eliminating 20 items through question analysis, reliability analysis, and exploratory factor analysis, the final three factors of parent–coach interaction were extracted, and the conformity index for the middle and high school golfers’ parent-to-coach interaction tool was checked. Then, to ensure the external validity of the developed parent–coach interaction measurement tool, a construct equivalence analysis was conducted to demonstrate that the tool can be applied equally to parents and coaches. In summary, the tools for measuring the interaction between the middle and high school golfers’ parents and coaches were developed in 20 questions, three factors for communication, qualification, and support, and it was confirmed that the developed measuring tools could all be applied equally through a latent mean analysis. Parents and coaches are key variables that can affect a player’s performance; thus parents and coaches’ interaction measuring tools can be provide positive information not only for golfers but also for players of various other sports.
Highlights
Middle and high school student-athletes experience various problems in the process of becoming adult athletes, and to overcome these difficulties, they essentially require positive interactions with their parents and coaches [1]
In the process of securing the external validity of the developed measurement tool, it was confirmed that the tool could be applied to parents and coaches. These results identify the structure of interaction measurement tools for coaches and parents of middle and high school golfers, which can be applied to the two groups in common
Since this study developed measurement tools on parents and coaches of middle and high school student golfers, the interaction can be more clearly identified by considering the specificity of the sport and age
Summary
Middle and high school student-athletes experience various problems in the process of becoming adult athletes, and to overcome these difficulties, they essentially require positive interactions with their parents and coaches [1]. In the field of sports, parents and coaches play an important role in the process of grooming athletes, as they discover, guide, and support athletes’ talents from an early stage [2,3]. They play a pivotal role in improving athletes’ performance by creating a foundation for them to focus on sports and establishing a multi-faceted support system [4,5]. Parents of golf players perform the role of parent as well as the helper in many ways, including acting as managers, caddies, coaches, and counselors, to the extent that the term “golf daddy” has been newly coined in
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