Development and Validation of a Novel Particle Source for Nano-sized Test Aerosols

Jürgen Bünger,Burkhard Stahlmecke,Birger Jettkant,Christian Monsé,Thomas Brüning,Christian Monz,Dirk Dahmann,Volker Neumann

doi:10.4209/aaqr.2018.06.0219

Abstract

ABSTRACT In the EU, there is an increasing need for regulatory agencies to establish health-based threshold limits for airborne particles. A prerequisite for such projects is the validation and comparison of existing and newly developed particle analyzers. Corresponding proficiency tests have often been conducted with the help of inter-laboratory tests using test aerosols. Although test aerosols in the micro- and the nanoscale range were produced with different generator systems at the technical center of the Institute for the Research on Hazardous Substances (IGF) in Dortmund, a stable and reproducible method of producing a low number concentration for nano-sized particles was not achieved. Inspired by a method of monodisperse droplet generation, we coupled a flame generator with a droplet generator and examined the concentration and the diameter of the formed particles as a consequence of the precursor concentration and the droplet frequency. In addition, the reproducibility of the method was tested daily, and the nanoparticles were collected and characterized microscopically. Finally, the measurements of the particle size distribution were mathematically examined. The resulting fits enable the prediction of the median particle diameter as a function of the precursor concentration and the frequency of the droplets. Overall, the performed experiments confirm that this system meets all the requirements with regard to a low number concentration and long-term stability and reproducibility and should therefore be suitable for further inter-laboratory round robin tests.

Highlights

IntroductionIn order to produce particles in the nanoscale range, a flame generator that produces nanoparticles from sprayed aqueous or solvent-containing precursor solutions by pyrolysis with a hydrogen-oxygen flame has been used (Monsé et al, 2014)
Test aerosols necessary to conduct proficiency tests were generated using different generator systems at the technical center of the Institute for the Research on Hazardous Substances (IGF) in Dortmund (Dahmann et al, 2001; Asbach et al, 2009; Fonseca et al, 2016)
If the pyrolysis processes of the three different precursor solutions were compared with one another, an increase in the number of particles, as well as an increase in the mobility diameter could be observed with increasing precursor concentration

Summary

Introduction

In order to produce particles in the nanoscale range, a flame generator that produces nanoparticles from sprayed aqueous or solvent-containing precursor solutions by pyrolysis with a hydrogen-oxygen flame has been used (Monsé et al, 2014). Materials such as zinc oxide (Monsé et al., 2018), titanium dioxide, silicon dioxide, copper (II) oxide and lead oxide (Giesen et al, 2016a; Raschig et al, 2016) have all been investigated. The resulting particle diameters depended on the volume flow at which the particle stream was diluted, and only very high flow volumes (about 5000 m3 h–1) resulted in primary particles where aggregate and agglomerate formation was no longer observed (Monsé et al, 2014)

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Conclusion