Abstract
A survival prediction model for patients with bone metastases arising from lung cancer would be highly valuable. To develop and validate a nomogram for assessing the survival probability of patients with metastatic lung cancer receiving radiotherapy for osseous metastases. In this prognostic study, the putative prognostic indicators for constructing the nomogram were identified using multivariable Cox regression analysis with backward elimination and model selection based on the Akaike information criterion. The nomogram was subjected to internal (bootstrap) and external validation; its calibration and discriminative ability were evaluated with calibration plots and the Uno C statistic, respectively. The training and validation set cohorts were from a tertiary medical center in northern Taiwan and a tertiary institution in southern Taiwan, respectively. The training set comprised 477 patients with metastatic lung cancer who received radiotherapy for osseous metastases between January 2000 and December 2013. The validation set comprised 235 similar patients treated between January 2011 and December 2017. Data analysis was conducted May 2018 to July 2018. The nomogram end points were death within 3, 6, and 12 months. Of 477 patients in the training set, 292 patients (61.2%) were male, and the mean (SD) age was 62.86 (11.66) years. Of 235 patients in the validating set, 113 patients (48.1%) were male, and the mean (SD) age was 62.65 (11.49) years. In the training set, 186 (39%), 291 (61%), and 359 (75%) patients died within 3, 6, and 12 months, respectively, and the median overall survival was 4.21 (95% CI, 3.68-4.90) months. In the validating set, 84 (36%), 120 (51%), and 144 (61%) patients died within 3, 6, and 12 months, respectively, and the median overall survival was 5.20 (95% CI, 4.07-7.17) months. Body mass index (18.5 to <25 vs ≥25: hazard ratio [HR], 1.42; 95% CI, 1.14-1.78 and <18.5 vs ≥25: HR, 2.31; 95% CI, 1.56-3.44), histology (non-small cell vs small cell lung cancer: HR, 0.59; 95% CI, 0.41-0.86), epidermal growth factor receptor mutation (positive vs unknown: HR, 0.66; 95% CI, 0.46-0.93 and negative vs unknown: HR, 0.98; 95% CI, 0.66-1.45), smoking status (ever smoker vs never smoker: HR, 1.50; 95% CI, 1.24-1.83), age, and neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio were incorporated. The HRs of age and neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio were modeled nonlinearly with restricted cubic splines (both P < .001). The nomogram's discriminative ability was good in the training set (C statistic, ≥0.77; P < .001) and was validated using both an internal bootstrap method (C statistic, ≥0.76; P < .001) and an external validating set (C statistic, ≥0.75; P < .001). The calibration plots for the end points showed optimal agreement between the nomogram's assessment and actual observations. The nomogram (with web-based tool) can be useful for assessing the probability of survival at 3, 6, and 12 months in patients with metastatic lung cancer referred for radiotherapy to treat bone metastases, and it may guide radiation oncologists in treatment decision making and engaging patients in end-of-life discussions and/or hospice referrals at appropriate times.
Highlights
IntroductionLung cancer is the most commonly diagnosed malignant neoplasm and the leading cause of cancerrelated death, with an incidence surpassing 1.6 million cases (approximately 13% of cancer diagnosed) and a mortality rate of approximately 1.4 million (reflecting 18% of cancer-related deaths) annually.[1] A recent analysis of the Oncology Services Comprehensive Electronic Records database, which encompasses 569 000 patients from 52 cancer centers in the United States, revealed that lung cancer is only second to prostate cancer in the 10-year cumulative incidences of bone metastasis at a rate of 12.9% (95% CI, 12.6%-13.2%).[2] Most patients who develop bone metastases will eventually receive radiotherapy for various reasons such as palliation for severe bone pain, spinal cord compression, prevention of pathological fracture or neurological deficit, or even long-term tumor control.[3,4] patients receiving radiotherapy for bone metastases arising from lung cancer compose a large proportion of palliative service recipients in radiation oncology departments
Lung cancer is the most commonly diagnosed malignant neoplasm and the leading cause of cancerrelated death, with an incidence surpassing 1.6 million cases and a mortality rate of approximately 1.4 million annually.[1]
Body mass index (18.5 to
Summary
Lung cancer is the most commonly diagnosed malignant neoplasm and the leading cause of cancerrelated death, with an incidence surpassing 1.6 million cases (approximately 13% of cancer diagnosed) and a mortality rate of approximately 1.4 million (reflecting 18% of cancer-related deaths) annually.[1] A recent analysis of the Oncology Services Comprehensive Electronic Records database, which encompasses 569 000 patients from 52 cancer centers in the United States, revealed that lung cancer is only second to prostate cancer in the 10-year cumulative incidences of bone metastasis at a rate of 12.9% (95% CI, 12.6%-13.2%).[2] Most patients who develop bone metastases will eventually receive radiotherapy for various reasons such as palliation for severe bone pain, spinal cord compression, prevention of pathological fracture or neurological deficit, or even long-term tumor control.[3,4] patients receiving radiotherapy for bone metastases arising from lung cancer compose a large proportion of palliative service recipients in radiation oncology departments. Studies have shown that physicians’ clinical assessments of the survival of patients with terminal cancer are inaccurate and tend to be overly optimistic.[5,6,7] an accurate assessment of average survival in this population is of great importance for making critical decisions in daily clinical practice, such as individualized tailoring of treatment intensity (eg, the necessity of radiotherapy, radiopharmaceuticals, and/or other novel drugs; radiotherapy fractionation schema; and benefit of adding surgical interventions), when to enroll in hospice (as many countries require an estimated survival time of less than 6 months for hospice referrals), and design of and enrollment in clinical trials (because most clinical trials require an estimated survival of more than 3 months for eligibility)
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