Abstract
BackgroundThe Orofacial Esthetic Scale (OES) is an instrument to assess an individual’s perception of their Orofacial Appearance (OA). However, its translation and evaluation of psychometric properties is necessary for its use in Brazilian individuals.ObjectivesTo develop the Portuguese version of OES (OES-Pt), estimate its psychometric properties (validity, measurement invariance and reliability) when applied to Brazilian individuals aged 18–40 years, and estimate the relationship between sociodemographic characteristics and OA.MethodsThis was a cross‐sectional study using a convenience sample. The sample consisted of 1,072 Brazilian individuals (70.1% female, 25.1% dental patients; mean ± SD age: 25.7 ± 5.7 years). After cross-cultural adaptation of OES-Pt, factorial validity was evaluated by confirmatory factor analysis. Convergent validity (average variance extracted (AVE)) and reliability (Cronbach’s alpha coefficient (α) and Composite Reliability (CR)) were also estimated. Concurrent validity was assessed (Pearson’s correlational analysis (r) between OES-Pt total score and item eight of the OES which refers to global assessment of OA). Measurement invariance of the factorial model (multigroup analysis using ΔCFI) was evaluated for independent samples (sample randomly split into two: “Test Sample” and “Validation Sample” and according to sex: male and female, age range: 18–30 and 31–40 years, and whether the individual is undergoing dental treatment or not). A Structural Equation Model estimated the relationship between sociodemographic characteristics and OA.ResultsOES-Pt presented adequate fit to the sample. Convergent validity (AVE ≥ 0.56) and reliability (α and CR ≥ 0.89) were adequate. Concurrent validity was adequate (r = 0.88; p-value < 0.001). OES-Pt presented strict invariance for independent samples. Age, sex, and socioeconomic status (SES) were related to OA, indicated by standardized beta coefficients (standardized β) of 0.036 (standard error: 0.007), 0.001 (0.094) and 0.196 (0.061), respectively on OA. These three relationships were either weak or not statistically significant.ConclusionsWhen measuring OA in Brazilian individuals, the OES-Pt was valid, reliable and invariant for independent samples. Age, sex and SES were weak or not statistically significantly related to OA.
Highlights
Orofacial Appearance (OA) is one of the four dimensions of oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) (John et al, 2014a, 2014b)
As the perception of OA is subjective, it differs between a dentist and a dental patient (Hua, 2019) and the perspective of the latter should prevail for setting expectations regarding the need or demand for as well as outcome of treatment
Pilot study Fifty-eight individuals participated in this study (81% women; mean age 28.4 years; 72.4% single, 24.1% married, 3.5% divorced; 6.9% are in dental treatment to improve esthetics and 60.3% have already had dental treatment for this purpose; 81.0% of participants like their own smile; 1.7% economic stratum D/E, 20.7% economic stratum C, 65.5% economic stratum B and 12.1% economic stratum A; and 20.7% are dental patients)
Summary
Orofacial Appearance (OA) is one of the four dimensions of oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) (John et al, 2014a, 2014b). Perceptions about OA could guide decision-making of clinical management in two aspects It quantifies demand for treatment from the patient’s point of view. Objectives: To develop the Portuguese version of OES (OES-Pt), estimate its psychometric properties (validity, measurement invariance and reliability) when applied to Brazilian individuals aged 18–40 years, and estimate the relationship between sociodemographic characteristics and OA. Measurement invariance of the factorial model (multigroup analysis using ΔCFI) was evaluated for independent samples (sample randomly split into two: “Test Sample” and “Validation Sample” and according to sex: male and female, age range: 18–30 and 31–40 years, and whether the individual is undergoing dental treatment or not). Sex, and socioeconomic status (SES) were related to OA, indicated by standardized beta coefficients (standardized β) of 0.036 (standard error: 0.007), 0.001 (0.094) and 0.196 (0.061), respectively on OA These three relationships were either weak or not statistically significant
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