Abstract
The urban population, worldwide, is growing exponentially and with it the demand for information on pollution levels, vehicle traffic, or available parking, giving rise to citizens connected to their environment. This article presents an experimental long range (LoRa) and low power consumption network, with a combination of static and mobile wireless sensors (hybrid architecture) to tune and validate concentrator placement, to obtain a large coverage in an urban environment. A mobile node has been used, carrying a gateway and various sensors. The Activation By Personalization (ABP) mode has been used, justified for urban applications requiring multicasting. This allows to compare the coverage of each static gateway, being able to make practical decisions about its location. With this methodology, it has been possible to provide service to the city of Malaga, through a single concentrator node. The information acquired is synchronized in an external database, to monitor the data in real time, being able to geolocate the dataframes through web mapping services. This work presents the development and implementation of a hybrid wireless sensor network of long range and low power, configured and tuned to achieve efficient performance in a mid-size city, and tested in experiments in a real urban environment.
Highlights
5G technology is being researched and implemented to extract its maximum potential, in terms of high transfer rates, high bandwidth and very low latency [1,2,3,4,5,6]
There is a competition in the LPWAN market, where Sigfox, NB-IoT and long range (LoRa) [26] intend to be the future standard of an ecosystem in which everything will literally be on the web, changing how the cities are conceived [27]
This paper presents the development and implementation of a Hybrid Wireless Sensor Networks (H-WSN) [58] for an urban environment
Summary
5G technology is being researched and implemented to extract its maximum potential, in terms of high transfer rates, high bandwidth and very low latency [1,2,3,4,5,6]. Some of the LoRa modules include a GPS antenna in order to geo-locate each emitted data packet (current position of the vehicle), so every message sent by the sensor nodes onboard the vehicle can be traced even if they are not received by any static gateway (due to interference problems or obstacles). The vehicle has followed the same route that in [68] With this approach, the influence of existing obstacles in a city like Málaga on the reception of LoRa messages of different sizes has been studied, using different transmission configurations (Spread Factor), having several static receivers located in different places, in addition to the gateway located in the mobile node. The activation mode of LoRa nodes will play a key role in the performance of the system (Section 3.3)
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