Development and fate of the residual body of Toxoplasma gondii

Abstract

As the tachyzoite form of Toxoplasma gondii divides inside the parasitophorous vacuole, the daughter cells remain attached to each other at the posterior end through the so-called residual body (RB). Here, we studied this process using field emission scanning electron microscopy of dry scraped infected cells, transmission electron microscopy of random ultrathin sections, X-ray microanalysis, and 3-D modelling of tomographic volumes and slice and view series obtained by FIB SEM at 7, 24, and 48 h post infection. Combining these methods of observation, we traced a timeline of events for the formation, development, and fate of the RB. The RB is formed as the first endodyogenic division is complete. Before that, finger-like invaginations at the posterior end of the tachyzoite secrete tubules from the intravacuolar network. The RB is roughly spherical and measures 1 μm in diameter at random. Its size does not vary considerably as the division cycles that form the rosette proceed. The contents of the RB are similar to the cytoplasm of the parasites. It contains ER membranous profiles and vacuolar structures identified as acidocalcisomes. This was confirmed by microanalysis. Mitochondrial profiles seen inside the RB are actually branches of mother cell mitochondrion not yet split between the two daughter cells. Acidocalcisomes of a mother cell are distributed between the two daughter cells, but as the rosette of parasites grow, acidocalcisomes seem to concentrate inside the RB where they are usually larger and tend to fuse to each other, filling most of the space in the RB. Here we hypothesize that, upon egress, the acidocalcisomes would ultimately fuse with the RB membrane liberating its contents inside the parasitophorous vacuole (PV) and, by doing so; the RB would disintegrate, releasing its contents in the PV.