Abstract
Objective: The short biological half-life (2-3 h) and low bioavailability (50 %) of ranitidine (RAN) following oral administration favor the development of a controlled release system. This study was aimed to develop and in vitro evaluate oral sustained-release RAN delivery system based on the bacterial nanocellulose material (BNM) produced by Komagataeibacter xylinus (K. xylinus) from selected culture media.
 Methods: BNMs are biosynthesized by K. xylinus in the standard medium (SM) and coconut water (CW). RAN was loaded in BNMs by the absorption method. The structural and physicochemical properties of BNMs and BNMs-RAN were evaluated via swelling behavior, FTIR, and FESEM techniques. Moreover, the effect of BNMs on RAN release profile and release kinetics was analyzed and evaluated.
 Results: The amount of loaded RAN or entrapment efficacy for BNM-CW is higher than for BNM-SM. The BNM-SM-RAN and BNM-CW-RAN exhibited a decreased initial burst release system followed by a prolonged RAN release up to 24 h in relation to the commercial tablets containing RAN. The RAN release from these formulations was found higher in the SGF medium than that of in SIF medium. RAN released from these formulations was found to follow the Korsmeyer-Peppas model and diffusion sustained drug release mechanism. The sustained release of RAN from BNM-SM-RAN was slower than for RAN from BNM-CW-RAN, but the mechanism of sustained RAN release was the same.
 Conclusion: Oral sustained-release RAN delivery system based on BNMs was successfully prepared and evaluated for various in vitro parameters. The biopolymers like BNM-SM and BNM-CW could be utilized to develop oral sustained RAN release dosage form.
Highlights
Bacterial nanocellulose material (BNM), a three-dimensional (3D) weblike nanofibrous network structure of cellulose, synthesized in a biotechnological process by Komagataeibacter xylinus (K. xylinus) is a biodegradable polymer that recently increased considerable interest in the biopharmaceutical field, as a result of its unique material characteristics, such as extremely high porosity, high purity, high mechanical strength, high nanofibers with an ultrafine network, high water holding capacity, low toxicity, and biocompatibility
Oral sustained-release RAN delivery system based on BNMs was successfully prepared and evaluated for various in vitro parameters
The results showed that the time for producing BNM with a thickness of 1 cm was longer in coconut water (CW) (15 d) than in standard medium (SM) (12 d) under the same conditions
Summary
Bacterial nanocellulose material (BNM), a three-dimensional (3D) weblike nanofibrous network structure of cellulose, synthesized in a biotechnological process by Komagataeibacter xylinus (K. xylinus) is a biodegradable polymer that recently increased considerable interest in the biopharmaceutical field, as a result of its unique material characteristics, such as extremely high porosity, high purity, high mechanical strength, high nanofibers with an ultrafine network, high water holding capacity, low toxicity, and biocompatibility. Since its nanosized 3D porous networks, including an extremely fine cellulose fiber and nanofibrils of 2-4 nm diameter, BNM is expected to hold large amounts of active ingredients, resulting in an enormous surface area to volume ratio [2]. This research showed that freeze-dried formulations demonstrated a lower uptake capacity for serum albumin than never-dried BNM, which could be explicated by changes in the nanofiber network in the time of the freeze-drying process
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