Development and evaluation of a deep learning model for automatic segmentation of non-perfusion area in fundus fluorescein angiography

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Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is the most prevalent cause of preventable vision loss worldwide, imposing a significant economic and medical burden on society today, of which early identification is the cornerstones of the management. The diagnosis and severity grading of DR rely on scales based on clinical visualized features, but lack detailed quantitative parameters. Retinal non-perfusion area (NPA) is a pathogenic characteristic of DR that symbolizes retinal hypoxia conditions, and was found to be intimately associated with disease progression, prognosis, and management. However, the practical value of NPA is constrained since it appears on fundus fluorescein angiography (FFA) as distributed, irregularly shaped, darker plaques that are challenging to measure manually. In this study, we propose a deep learning-based method, NPA-Net, for accurate and automatic segmentation of NPAs from FFA images acquired in clinical practice. NPA-Net uses the U-net structure as the basic backbone, which has an encoder-decoder model structure. To enhance the recognition performance of the model for NPA, we adaptively incorporate multi-scale features and contextual information in feature learning and design three modules: Adaptive Encoder Feature Fusion (AEFF) module, Multilayer Deep Supervised Loss, and Atrous Spatial Pyramid Pooling (ASPP) module, which enhance the recognition ability of the model for NPAs of different sizes from different perspectives. We conducted extensive experiments on a clinical dataset with 163 eyes with NPAs manually annotated by ophthalmologists, and NPA-Net achieved better segmentation performance compared to other existing methods with an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) of 0.9752, accuracy of 0.9431, sensitivity of 0.8794, specificity of 0.9459, IOU of 0.3876 and Dice of 0.5686. This new automatic segmentation model is useful for identifying NPA in clinical practice, generating quantitative parameters that can be useful for further research as well as guiding DR detection, grading severity, treatment planning, and prognosis.