Abstract
Fatigue during prolonged exercise is largely the result of the depletion of energy substrate (particularly muscle glycogen), and dehydration. Ingestion of carbohydrate-containing drinks during exercise can delay fatigue and improve performance. Intestinal water absorption is stimulated by active sodium-coupled glucose transport and is dependent on the presence of osmotic gradients; hypertonic solutions cause an initial net secretion of water. Individual requirements for water and energy substrate vary greatly during exercise, and commercial sports drinks are inevitably a compromise. Addition of electrolytes, with the possible exception of sodium, is not generally necessary; however, palatability is crucial in encouraging consumption.
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