Abstract
In order to address the disadvantage of rapid degradation and serious immune response of bladder acellular matrix (BAM) tissues in clinical application, in this study, oxidized carboxymethyl cellulose (DCMC) was developed to replace glutaraldehyde (GA), a most common synthetic crosslinking reagent in clinical practice, to fix BAM tissues for lower cytotoxicity. The aim of this work was to evaluate feasibility of DCMC as a crosslinking reagent for BAM fixation and developing DCMC fixed-BAM (D-BAM) tissues for tissue engineering. For the preparation of DCMC, the results showed that when DCMC was prepared using a specific concentration of sodium periodate solution (the mass ratio of NaIO4/CMC is 1 : 1) and a specific reaction time (4 hours), its cytotoxicity was the lowest and its fixation effect was better. The critical crosslinking characteristics and cytocompatibility of optimum D-BAM tissues were also investigated. The results demonstrated that DCMC-fixation (especially 30 mg ml−1 DCMC-fixation) not only formed stable cross-linking bonds but also preserved well the original ultrastructure of the BAM tissues, which simultaneously increased the mechanical strength and capacity of the enzymatic hydrolytic resistance. The DCMC-fixation could also reduce the expression of α-Gal in BAM tissues and preserve the useful growth factors such as GAGs, KGF and TGF-β in bladder tissues. In addition, 30 mg ml−1 D-BAM tissues had excellent cytocompatibility. Moreover, it could stimulate the secretion of PDGF and EGF from seeded bladder transitional epithelial cells (BTECs), which is a critical feature for further re-epithelialization. Its anti-calcification ability was also prominent, which is necessary in bladder repair. The present studies demonstrated that DCMC could be a potential biological crosslinking agent for BAM fixation due to its excellent crosslinking effects, and the D-BAM tissues were suitable to be used as a substitute for the bladder due to their resistance to enzymatic degradation, anticalcification and cytocompatibility.
Highlights
A variety of congenital and acquired conditions result in bladder defects
Besides the changes of antigen and growth factors in bladder tissues before and a er decellularization, we presented the effect of dialdehyde carboxymethyl cellulose (DCMC) on the antigen and growth factors of bladder acellular matrix (BAM). a-SMA is speci cally expressed in smooth muscle cells, and its expression level can be used as one of the criteria for determining the degree of clearance for smooth muscle cells.[13] a-Gal antigen is widely distributed in various animal-derived tissues. a-Gal on heterologous biological tissues will bind to the naturally occurring anti-a-Gal antibody in the body, causing hyperacute immunity rejection reaction.[14]
The polypeptide, glycolipid and lipopolysaccharide in the BAM tissues are crosslinked to form insolubility macromolecule by DCMC. This could mask the a-Gal antigen determinant epitope of BAM tissues, and reduced the expression of a-Gal. These results suggested that the decellularization and DCMC xation could greatly reduce the immunogenicity of fresh bladder tissues, and the prepared DCMC fixed-BAM (D-BAM) tissues were suitable to be used as substitutes for the bladder
Summary
A variety of congenital and acquired conditions result in bladder defects. There is considerable demand for biomaterials that can be used as gra s for bladder reconstruction. There has been increasing interest in developing natural decellularised matrices from a variety of tissue derivations due to their unique advantage. Derived, decellularized biomaterials usually contain structural molecules including. The natural bladder tissue is not stable. The instant degradation and the antigenicity presented in allogenic or xenogenic bladder tissues prevent these BAM from being preserved or being used directly in the clinic.[3,4] Many
Sign-in/Register to view highlights & summary Talk to us
Join us for a 30 min session where you can share your feedback and ask us any queries you have
Schedule a callDisclaimer: All third-party content on this website/platform is and will remain the property of their respective owners and is provided on "as is" basis without any warranties, express or implied. Use of third-party content does not indicate any affiliation, sponsorship with or endorsement by them. Any references to third-party content is to identify the corresponding services and shall be considered fair use under The CopyrightLaw.
