Development and Characteristics of Social Work and Social Welfare in Korea

Any discussion around India's Social Policy, Social Welfare and Social Development ought to be laid in the context of India's sixty years of planning history. In this critical essay, I explore the views and treatise of octogenarian Shankar Pathak on social welfare policies and development of the poor in India. In those sixty years of planning, India has certainly made strides, such as producing some billionaires that enter into who's who list compiled by Forbes, alongside its poor making world's record officially included into the top ten poor nations. India's situation can be aptly captured and surmised by borrowing the famous saying of American Political Economist ‘doing better but feeling worse' (Wildavsky,1977, pp 105). The current paper examines Pathak's views on social policy, welfare and social development in India and to an extent his views on social work profession in India, that were made available to Indian social work academia through his book ( 2013) on ‘Social Policy Social Welfare and Social Development' brought out during his sojourn in Bangalore and further through a cursory view of his blogs.

Although professional social work in Egypt has a 100-year history, there is a dearth of information in English about social work in Egypt and other non-Western countries. Five domains of social work in Egypt are (1) the international flow of Western social work practice into Egypt, (2) modern social work, (3) social work research and social work interventions, (4) social work education, and (5) fields of practice. These five domains that inform modern social work in Egypt were produced from international flows of Western social work practice into Egypt. It was also produced from social work research and social work intervention. Modern social work also comes from teaching bachelor of social work students professional social work courses. Social work knowledge was adapted, authenticated, and indigenized to meet local context. These five dominated themes have been detailed and explained. International flows of Western social work practice into Egypt include transmission (transplantation), authentication, and indigenization. Modern social work in Egypt includes social work practice and social welfare policy. Social work research has included explanatory, descriptive and experiment social work research studies. Social work intervention has included social work intervention of aiming at solving problems and stressors and social work intervention of aiming at applying resources for change. Fields of social work practice includes family and child Social Work and school social work. Social work education is focused only on Bachelor of Science in Social Work covering the professional social work courses group work practice, social casework practice, community organization, social welfare planning, policy and administration, fields of social work practice. A synthetic approach that knits together these five themes entail that modern social work has been produced from international flows of Western social work practice into Egyptian context. It is also produced from social work research and social work intervention. Modern social work also comes as results of teaching Bachelor Social Work (BSW) students the professional social work courses.

There and Back Again: A Commentary on Social Welfare Policy in the Wake of 2020

In many Western advanced industrial societies, the diverse and systemic social welfare policy has been executed for maintaining and enhancing the quality of life for silvers according to the aged phenomenon of population, and the economic assistance policy has been actively practiced for the social integration policy and the life guarantee of comfortable silver period in the national and community dimensions. This exemplary silver social welfare policy is very suggestive for our society which endeavors to solve the silver problem according to the entry into the aged society. Of course, although the environmental feature and social welfare policy direction of a particular society and nation are somewhat different, as we emphasize the policy of our government which tries to realize the quality of life through the realization of social welfare for silver class increasing with geometrical series, it is very important that we establish the policy alternatives appropriate to our society by comparing and analyzing the silver social welfare policy of the Western advanced social welfare states. Because England, France, and Germany have already constructed the very diverse and systemic silver welfare programs since 1960`s, these programs are the policy model for our society, which entered the aged society. Now, when our society, entering the aged society, constructs the social welfare policy for silver class, it is very meaningful to compare and analyze the strength and weakness of these nations, and apply the realizable policy model to our society. In order to solve the silver problem through enhancing the quality of life for old age on the personal dimension and social dimension, the diverse and integrated endeavors are necessary, and individuals, family, and community form one unit association through which the silver welfare policy of our society practices the welfare of silver life. Because our current government tries to enhance actually the quality of life for silvers through the construction and positive execution of realistic and sustainable silver welfare policy, and applies the silver welfare model of the Western European society to our social welfare policy. Especially, because the policy for the handicapped, young children, and silvers adopted the Western European-type distribution-centered social welfare policy course. Especially, in the local decentralization age, the alternatives should be prepared for enhancing the residents satisfaction with their realistic life in each region. In this aspect, the another problem of each local autonomy government is the very aged phenomenon of its residents. That is, the aged phenomenon of population aggravates the burden of economic aspect, and the high-cost welfare policy for the aged is required urgently. Now, unlike the past, the aged welfare policy of our society changes from the institution protection-focused policy to individual- or community-focused policy, and the institution welfare service is executed for the handicapped super-aged, so that the complex service system for silvers should be implemented. Therefore, for this complex service system, this study presents Golden Silver Belt Business Model as Place Marketing as follows. Specially, th Golden Silver Belt Business Development Model for activating the regional economy can be understood as a part of Place Marketing utilizing complexly the material, human resources within the sphere of local autonomy government. So, this study concretely presents the basic plan for Golden Silver Belt Development Model promotion, the nationwide 6 broad spheres subdivision model of Golden Silver Belt Development Business. the business structure, and the expectation effect. Golden Silver Belt Business will produce the great synergy(culture, education, industry, welfare, health, and leisure) within the region by maintaining the mutual assistance system of civil-governmental-academic-industrial complex organically and complexly, and at the sa

This study is a critical study of political neutralism with a focus on social welfare in Korea. Korean social welfare, like civil servants and teachers, takes a political neutralist stance. Political neutralism actually means uncritical acceptance of the regime's position and has a tendency to depoliticize it. In this context, Korean social welfare follows the position of residualism, and social welfare is practiced by providing services based on sympathy and charity.
 The purpose of this paper is to criticize Korea's social welfare from a political neutralist standpoint and seek alternatives to overcome it. To this end, this paper focuses on Freire's theory and seeks to develop discussions based on it. Freire criticized political neutralism as the logic of the oppressor, perpetuating an unjust order of inequality and class conflict, and subjecting citizens to a culture of silence and horizontal violence. In particular, social welfare was seen as a fictional tolerance and a strategy of the oppressor.
 This paper analyzed Freire's criticism by applying it to Korea's social welfare stance, that is, political neutralism and residualism. This paper proposed transforming social welfare into class politics toward institutionalism based on social rights and presented the content and direction of civic education.

The statement “Policy affects practice and practice affects policy” helps educate and remind social workers of the dual role they play—practitioners, working with individuals, groups, organizations, and communities to improve currently occurring difficulties, and advocates, working through political means to alter or remove the causes of current problems. Working both in the present and for the future places social workers in a unique position. Still, the connections between social welfare policy and the political world are not always well explained or understood. This essay defines basic terms, presents a range of political philosophies, and shows how their adherents operationalize their view of the “ideal” social policy. A brief description of the process of politics, advocacy, is also provided, in the context of the generalist model of social work practice. Social welfare policy, a complex and ill-defined term, has three important characteristics: it relates to enhancing the quality of life of individuals, sometimes acting through groups or communities to do so; it is created by both action and lack of action on the part of decision-makers; and it is the outcome of a process involving politics. Politics, as a term, has two separate meanings which are both explored. First is politics as ideology, or a view or how the world does or should operate. Second, politics is also a process that is used to create, defend, or change social welfare and other types of policy. A spectrum of ideologies and their associated policy implications are presented. Starting with libertarians, on the right, we move leftward, looking at conservatives, centrists, liberals, social democrats, and socialists. The connection between politics as ideology and social welfare policy is made clear by showing the variation in desired policies, depending on the ideology used for their justification. Following the discussion of politics as ideology, we turn to politics as process. Advocacy in the political world is broken into six steps that anyone can follow, modeled after the steps in the generalist, problem-solving model of social work. These steps are: getting involved, understanding the issue, planning, advocating, evaluating, and monitoring. Keywords: politics; social welfare policy; advocacy; ideology; political parties

Teaching and Learning Guide for: Resisting the Neo‐liberal Poverty Discourse: On Constructing Deadbeat Dads and Welfare Queens

Privatization and protective services for the elderly: Some observations on the economics of the aging process

Since the founding of the profession, social workers have been urged to assume a key role in social welfare policy. Despite this, the profession remains war with itself about the extent to which it should engage in matters of social justice and (Thompson, 1994, p. 457). This conflict occurs at a time when opportunities for participation abound, the welfare state is under attack, and public- and private-sector social welfare program funding patterns have become increasingly complex (Gummer, 1990; Jansson, 1994). When social workers neglect to engage in the politics of social welfare policy, that is, in acts aimed at influencing policymakers' resource distribution decisions, the needs of social work clients and the profession itself are left out of the policy development process. Social workers are in a unique position to increase the salience of social problems. Expertise and place social workers as mainstream policy actors who can make a difference in policy design, implementation, and outcomes (Burch, 1991; Laumann & Knoke, 1987; Peterson, 1990-91). Understanding how social workers can and do participate in the politics of social welfare policy is integral to advancing the profession's philosophy and goals (Haynes & Mickelson, 1991; Weismiller & Rome, 1995). With emerging policy reform action among other disciplines and organized interests, social workers must exhibit greater dedication to policy practice or risk being undermined by others who take the lead (Figuiera-McDonough, 1993; Hoefer, 1993). If you do not make [policy choices], you have selected someone else's policy as your default choice, which is probably different than what you would have preferred (Burch, 1991, p. 197). Many opportunities exist in the American arena to realize the resource distribution and interests of social workers who apply analytic, assessment, problem-solving, and skills to build policy agendas; define problems; construct proposals; and enact, assess, and evaluate policy (Jansson, 1994; Schorr, 1985). The importance of practitioners' paying attention to resource (that is, political) decisions lies at the interface of policy and practice: Professionals who ignore social choices and social values in favor of developing practice skills are like musicians playing background music to a melody that seems to come from nowhere (Gilbert, Specht, & Terrell, 1993, p. 21). Because of these dichotomies, discrepancies remain in the levels and types of participation engaged in by social workers (Ezell, 1993; Reeser, 1986; Reeser & Epstein, 1990). To expand the profession's contributions to social welfare policy decision making, social workers must become more cognizant of and act on the political actions that already are an integral part of their practice. Literature Review Social work literature cites numerous reasons for the variations in social action and participation activity. One reason pertains to the need to develop a model of participation that is easily integrated into professional practice and identity. When greater emphasis is placed on learning clinical skills at the cost of developing attitudes, knowledge, and skills in advocacy and social action, practitioners are ill prepared to succeed in the arena (Figuiera-McDonough, 1993; Gilbert et al., 1993; Haynes & Mickelson, 1991; Wolk, Pray, Weismiller, & Dempsey, 1996). The reluctance to get involved in politics also stems from practitioner concerns that activity will compromise professional values or threaten the individual's position within an agency (Ezell, 1993; Jansson, 1994; Reeser & Epstein, 1990). Fears that taking stands on issues or candidates may result in the loss of agency community standing or sources of support also inhibit activity (Richan, 1988). All these factors may be compounded by restrictions placed on participation by state and federal legislation such as the Hatch Act (Pawlak & Flynn, 1990; Thompson, 1994). …

The objectives of this study are to study the level of satisfaction of older people with social welfare policy, to study the problems of social welfare policy, and to study public policy guidelines for social welfare in a community in Pitsanulok province. We did quantitative and qualitative methods for 3,701 questionnaires, interviews of 29 participants and a focus group of 15 experts to discuss policy guidelines. From the study, we found that older people were satisfied with social welfare policy at a moderate level such as social security, knowledge and education. However, the problems of social welfare policy such as the monthly payment assistance is not enough in the current economy, government’s lack of budget, and not allowing government agencies to take care of older people, so local government should create a department for service and support older people and also train government officers to have more knowledge about how to take care of older people. In addition, the government should train more healthy volunteers in communities to take care of and help to transfer older people to hospitals.

Bu çalışma, sosyal hizmet uzmanlarının devlet tarafından algılanmasına dayalı bir sosyal politika eleştirisidir. Sosyal hizmet uzmanlarının, sosyal politikaların uygulanmasında önemli bir rol ve yetkiye sahip olduğu görülmektedir. Çalışmada, Türkiye'de çalışan 21 sosyal hizmet uzmanıyla yapılan görüşmeler sonucunda, rolleri ve yetkileri hakkında veri toplanmıştır. Görüşmeler, derinlemesine görüşmeler şeklinde yapılmıştır. Çalışma, İstanbul Üniversitesi Bilimsel Araştırmalar Proje Birimi tarafından desteklenen yüksek lisans tezinin bir parçasıdır. Çalışma boyunca devletin sosyal hizmet uzmanlarını nasıl gördüğüne dair anlatılar tartışılmıştır. Sosyal hizmet uzmanları, devletin kendisini bir arabulucu, pasif politika uygulayıcısı ve muhalif olarak gördüğüne dair anlatıları paylaştı. Ancak sosyal hizmet uzmanları mesleki oluşumları nedeniyle uygulanacak politikalara yön verecek donanıma sahiptir. Siyasette aktif olmaları gerektiğini iddia etmelerinin yanı sıra sosyal refahı artırmayı hedefledikleri bu çalışmanın önemli bir sonucudur. Bu bağlamda, Türkiye'deki sosyal hizmet uzmanlarını ortaya çıkaran sıçan yarışını ortaya koyan bu çalışma, sosyal refah politikalarının revize edilmesi gerektiğini savunmaktadır.

In this article, I bring scholarship on welfare reform into discussion with work on crime control and racial and ethnic relations. I locate the genesis of hyper‐incarceration and the moral suasion imposed on the recipients of contemporary social welfare services through the poverty policies of the Victorian era and later the postbellum south, implicating the checkered history of racial domination in the United States in the development of social welfare and criminal justice policy. I conclude by discussing the ways in which the United States has been reconfigured to facilitate these trends and of new terrain in the study of marginality in the neoliberal age. Doing so demonstrates the long‐standing collusion between welfare state and criminal justice actors, identifies the racialized target of punishment and poverty management, highlights the significance of race in the development of social policy, and exhibits the importance of social welfare policy in contemporary race and ethnic relations.

Evidence suggests that the combinations of over 70,000 to 75,000 chemicals in air, land, water, and food to which children are exposed daily are instrumental in increasing the rates and severity of preventable childhood illness from asthma, leukemia, and other diseases. This article defines chemical contamination and reviews data regarding the ubiquity of toxic chemicals in the United States. It describes major risk pathways to fetuses and children at different developmental stages and discusses evidence regarding exposure and harm to children from chemical contamination. The adequacy of national social welfare and environmental policies is assessed and policy-level interventions are recommended to address the unique vulnerability of children--especially children who are poor and children of color-to toxic chemicals. The authors review the roles for social workers in protecting current and future generations from environmental contaminants.

中國社會保險對農民工權益的影響 - 以深圳、上海及成都為例

To remain relevant in a rapidly changing society, social work must ensure that policies respond timeously and justly to mitigate the impact of continuous change on individuals, families, communities and the wider society. This requires rethinking social work’s role in shaping policy in a broader context to address a new order, going beyond social welfare and social policy. In this conceptual article, the authors argue that to be relevant in the twenty-first century, social work has to adopt a transformative social policy approach, including policy advocacy. Furthermore, social work should contribute to policy transformation at the micro–macro nexus, where social justice can be promoted at the local and global, the personal and political levels. Policy transformation for just societies promotes economic prosperity and environmental sustainability; hence, social work must embrace a developmental approach embedded in a human rights-based framework that contributes to sustainable development. Social work education plays a critical role in preparing graduates to transform policy through advocacy practice and critical pedagogy. The article concludes that social work needs to expand its role from predominantly focusing on social policy to a wider policy scope that embraces social, economic and environmental justice which contributes to sustainable development.