Abstract
Human gastrointestinal cancer (e.g., gastric cancer and colorectal cancer) has been a leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide and has imposed a great threat to the public health. Although early-stage gastrointestinal cancer can be effectively treated by surgery, followed by postoperative chemotherapy, patients with advanced gastrointestinal cancer often exhibit poor prognosis and cancer relapse due to the absence of effective personalized treatment strategies. Patient-derived cancer organoid technology has been rapidly developed in recent years, and its emergence has opened up an unprecedented approach to model human cancers in vitro. Patient-derived cancer organoids involve the ex vivo culture of fragments of freshly resected human tumors that retain the histological features of original tumors. This review thoroughly discussed the evolutionary process of human gastrointestinal organoids cultured since 2009, and highlighted the potentials of patient-derived cancer organoids in clinical management of gastrointestinal cancer in terms of advances achieved in cancer modelling compared with conventional modelling methods, high-throughput drug screening, and development of personalized treatment selection. Additionally, the current limitations of patient-derived cancer organoids and the potential solutions to overcome these problems were summarized.
Highlights
Gastrointestinal cancer is one of the most common types of cancer, accounting for 21% of all types of human cancer
This review thoroughly discussed the evolutionary process of human gastrointestinal organoids cultured since 2009, and highlighted the potentials of patient-derived organoids (PDOs) in clinical management of gastrointestinal cancer in terms of advances in cancer modelling compared with conventional modelling methods, high-throughput drug screening (HTS), and development of personalized treatment selection
A basal culture medium and tissue-specific adult stem cells are added to the cultivation after Matrigel polymerization to facilitate cell propagation and organoid formation (4)
Summary
Gastrointestinal cancer is one of the most common types of cancer, accounting for 21% of all types of human cancer. Patient-derived gastrointestinal organoids from both normal and tumor tissues can be rapidly established in a large amount with satisfactory success rates and a relatively comprehensive recapitulation of molecular and morphological characteristics of the original tissue samples (2). They possess enormous potentials in preclinical cancer modelling and clinical applications for treating gastrointestinal cancer. This review thoroughly discussed the evolutionary process of human gastrointestinal organoids cultured since 2009, and highlighted the potentials of patient-derived organoids (PDOs) in clinical management of gastrointestinal cancer in terms of advances in cancer modelling compared with conventional modelling methods, high-throughput drug screening (HTS), and development of personalized treatment selection
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