Abstract
Enrofloxacin (ENR) has been approved for the treatment of infections in aquaculture, but it may cause tissue residue. This research aimed to develop and validate a water temperature related PBPK model, including both ENR and ciprofloxacin (CIP), in rainbow trout, and to predict further their residue concentrations and the withdrawal periods for ENR at different water temperatures. With the published concentrations data, a flow-limited PBPK model including both ENR and CIP sub-models was developed to predict ENR and CIP concentrations in tissues and plasma/serum after intravenous, oral, or immersion administration. A Monte Carlo simulation including 500 iterations was further incorporated into this model. Based on the model and Monte Carlo analysis, the withdrawal intervals were estimated for different dosage regimens and at different water temperatures, ranging from 80 to 272 degree-days. All of these values were shorter than the labeled withdrawal period (500 degree-days) in fish. This model provided a useful tool for predicting the tissue residues of ENR and CIP in rainbow trout under different dosage regimens and at different water temperatures.
Highlights
World production of farmed aquatic animals is still the fastest-growing animal food-producing sector, which accounted for approximately 46% of the total fish source food supply [1]
The parameters related to absorption after PO or IB administration were determined through optimization, whose final values were 0.175 h−1, 0.052 h−1, 1.103 h−1 for Kst, KaPO, and KaIB, respectively (Table 4)
The parameters related to the eliminations of ENR or CIP were obtained through optimization, whose values were 0.0725 h−1, 0.058 L/kg/h, 0.605 h−1, 0.061 h−1, 12003.310 h−1, and 116.14 L/kg/h for Kf, Clre, Kguc, Kgw, Kde, and Clmre, respectively
Summary
World production of farmed aquatic animals is still the fastest-growing animal food-producing sector, which accounted for approximately 46% of the total fish source food supply [1]. Rainbow trout is a minor species but with a relatively high worldwide consumption [2]. In North China, turbot has become a vital aquaculture species [3]. Because of the high rearing density, fish are suffering from some severe infections by some pathogens, such as Aeromonas hydrophila, Vibrio anguillarum, Aeromonas salmonicida, Lactococcus garvieae, Pseudomonas spp., Flavobacterium psychrophilum, and Yersinia ruckeri [4,5,6,7,8]. The infections may lead to severe mortality among trout and substantial financial losses for the trout industry. It is of great importance to treat infections with effective antibacterials
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