Abstract
Representative profiles for domestic hot water (DHW) heat use are the main instruments for improvement in operation and design of DHW systems in buildings. To improve the existing method for DHW heat use profiles development and analysis, investigations in the three nursing homes in Norway were conducted. Statistical methods to assess the similarities of the profiles by days of the week and seasons were proposed. The analysis allowed us to identify two seasons of DHW heat use: the warm season from June to October, and the cold season including the rest of the year. In addition, it was investigated that the DHW heat use in the working days was significantly different from the weekends. According to these results, unified profiles for the months and days of the week with similar characteristics of the DHW heat use were developed. After, the method for statistical grouping of the DHW hourly heat use was applied to recognize the timing of the peak, average, and low heat use. Finally, the profiles for the DHW heat use obtained for the nursing homes were compared with profiles in the national and international standards. The drawbacks of the standards were identified.
Highlights
Nowadays, energy efficiency and decarbonisation are the key driving forces in the development of European Union (EU) energy industry
The study in [39] shows that the specific heat use in the hospitals and nursing homes in Norway is approximately 270 kWh/m2 per year, and one of the highest comparing to other types of buildings
domestic hot water (DHW) system is a significant consumer of energy in buildings
Summary
Energy efficiency and decarbonisation are the key driving forces in the development of European Union (EU) energy industry. Considering the huge potential of energy saving in buildings, European Commission (EC) develop a set of long-term and short-term goals for increasing energy efficiency in buildings [2]. According to Energy roadmap 2050 [3], the goal to reduce CO2 emission to 80–95%, when compared to 1990 level, by 2050 scenarios is set [3]. To achieve this goal, all technical systems in buildings must be designed and operated in such a way as to ensure efficient energy use
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