Developing Turfgrass Water Response Function and Assessing Visual Quality, Soil Moisture and NDVI Dynamics of Tall Fescue Under Varying Irrigation Scenarios in Inland Southern California

Abstract

Highlights A turfgrass water response function was developed for 'Westcoaster' tall fescue. The Weathermatic smart controller demonstrated reliable estimations of reference evapotranspiration. Restricting irrigation frequency did not yield water savings or lead to improvements in turfgrass quality. Abstract. Efficient landscape irrigation is an important water conservation strategy and reduces strain on limited water resources in inland Southern California. A three-year field irrigation trial was conducted in Riverside, California, to evaluate the response of 'Westcoaster' tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) to a wide range of autonomous irrigation scenarios implemented using a Weathermatic smart controller. The response of the turfgrass was assessed using visual rating (VR) and normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) data collected with a handheld sensor. These experimental data were then used to develop a regression-based turfgrass water response function (TWRF), which was further employed to estimate the response of tall fescue to different irrigation levels during years with varying atmospheric evaporation demands, including extreme conditions. A strong correlation was observed between NDVI and VR (r = 0.88). A minimum NDVI threshold of 0.7 was identified to maintain an acceptable level of tall fescue quality for residential areas. During the trial periods, irrigation application rates below 100% of reference evapotranspiration (ETo) were insufficient to sustain the desired quality of tall fescue. The TWRF estimations suggested that 60% ETo can be applied for short periods (7 to 43 days, depending on the atmospheric evaporative demands) during the summer before the visual quality drops below the minimum threshold. Comparing different irrigation strategies, it was observed that on-demand irrigation, which adjusts irrigation frequency based on ETo demand, resulted in higher NDVI and VR values compared to a limited watering schedule of only a few days per week. Analysis of soil moisture data revealed that the primary root water uptake occurred mainly in the topsoil layer (<33 cm), and the applied irrigation water primarily replenished the shallow soil layer (<20 cm) due to the coarse sandy loam soil characteristics. The Weathermatic controller, equipped with on-site air temperature measurements, provided reliable ETo estimations and can be used for autonomous landscape irrigation scheduling in semiarid regions. Keywords: Keywords., Evapotranspiration, Remote sensing, Smart irrigation controller, Urban irrigation, Water conservation.