Developing Graduate Medical Education Partnerships in American Indian/Alaska Native Communities.

Abstract

In the United States, rural American Indian/Alaska Native (AI/AN) populations face disproportionate health disparities and a shortage of health professionals.1–8 In particular, there is a lack of providers with AI/AN heritage or with sufficient knowledge of AI/AN cultures, perspectives on medical care, and the social determinants of health resonant within AI/AN communities.9,10Academic health centers (AHCs) are called to develop a workforce capable of addressing disparities in Indigenous populations, particularly through utilization of community-based partnerships.11,12 While a foremost investment by AHCs must address underrepresentation of AI/AN individuals in training, AHCs must also increase trainees' awareness of health inequities in rural AI/AN communities. This can be accomplished through curricula committed to AI/AN health and through supervised participation in care delivery.Few graduate medical education (GME) training programs are based in rural AI/AN communities.13 Thus, GME learning primarily comes from Native American Health Center (NAHC) agreements with AHCs for elective resident rotations, which includes both tribal health systems and the Indian Health Service (IHS). However, to our knowledge, formal GME curricula for rotations in AI/AN communities in the United States have not been published.14,15 In this article, we describe 4 topics useful in directing the development of GME curricula in partnership with rural AI/AN communities, and discuss the unique relevance of each topic in the context of AI/AN health. The topics are intended to align with international consensus recommendations for health equity education in Indigenous populations and with Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education Clinical Learning Environment Review Program objectives to improve health disparity education for trainees.11,16 They additionally help establish trusting educational partnerships between AI/AN communities and AHCs. We include learning objectives and curricular examples associated with each topic from one of our developing resident rotations in the table.The resources—human, material, and financial—of a care delivery system strongly shape trainee education.17 Care delivery to AI/AN communities involves exchanges between the US federal government and sovereign AI/AN governments, and is predicated on the unique claim of AI/AN communities to health care services as a treaty right. Such exchange results in a health system different from other domestic settings; often there are both federal- and tribal-managed public health sectors that have different approaches and institutional cultures. Yet, despite the legal framework on which health services are based, there remain low per capita health expenditures in many AI/AN communities, high burdens of disease and disability, and significant challenges to NAHCs in providing care. Indeed, the IHS maintains the lowest per capita spending when compared to other large federally funded health services.18 Restricted funding, particularly in impoverished communities with economically limited land bases, influences high vacancy and turnover rates for health care providers, results in insufficiently competitive wages, and prevents infrastructure development within NAHCs.8,19 To fill the gaps in provider vacancies, NAHCs frequently must contract temporary providers who may have limited knowledge of, and investment in, the populations they serve.An educational partnership with an AI/AN community provides an opportunity to introduce trainees, via supervised direct care, to challenges NAHCs face related to inadequate funding, provider shortages, and significant barriers to access to care. These opportunities compel trainee growth in care provision that is mindful of resource allocation,20,21 provide a sense for the urgent need for solutions to expand high-quality care at low cost, and allow trainees to observe how NAHC financing decisions affect a vulnerable population. We have also found that time providing clinical care is complemented by time engaging with public health outreach systems long-existent in many rural AI/AN communities, such that trainees broadly understand care delivery strategies on reservations.Despite increased awareness of the value of experiential (project-based and direct exposure) learning within communities, health equity education in medical curricula continues to be entrenched in abstract discussion of generalized social determinants of health. Such instruction fails to train clinicians to be advocates for AI/AN communities facing specific health inequities.22 Rather, a curriculum using experiential learning within an AI/AN community, which inherently promotes cognitive disequilibrium (or the evaluation of one's own ideas about the world in the context of new ideas or surroundings), allows a trainee to better relate to the health needs of that community.While not unique to AI/AN populations, the concept of historical trauma and its generational effect on health as a major social determinant can be attributed to the work of AI/AN scholars.23 Adding community-based activities and study of community-recommended resources for trainees that examine how historical armed conflict, forced assimilation, and subsequent legal and political policy have shaped health within rural AI/AN communities is important for developing GME curricula. Such topics provide contextual understanding of several disproportionate causes of morbidity and mortality found in many AI/AN communities, such as chronic liver disease, suicide, homicide, and alcohol or other drug use disorders.3Additionally, for our own developing curricula, we attempt to find opportunity within the local community to respectfully demonstrate the effects of such social challenges. This has been best accomplished through community visits and engagement of learners in longitudinal health projects with local, knowledgeable, and community-respected AI/AN health leaders. For instance, at one of our sites learners share health information with community members and learn reciprocally in educational sessions at a tribal correctional facility—promoting understanding of a unique interaction between population health and a tribal justice system. As another example, our trainees have explored the health impacts (including rates of heart disease and diabetes) of commodity food dependence that occurred after assimilation and loss of both the right and the ability to harvest traditional foods.Movement toward health equity is best accomplished through a community's own recognition and use of its inherent strengths; many of these strengths vary among communities and result in novel approaches to improving care. GME rotations in rural AI/AN communities should provide trainees exposure to existing traditional medical practices and to cross-sectorial, grassroots movements focused on health improvement. Such exposure is expected to help build understanding of the value of interprofessional and community-led change, as well as influence a trainee's ability to analyze health system-to-community linkage needs on a reservation.Within our own developing curricula, we focus on connecting trainees to community-led healing practices, such as sweat lodge ceremonies (inipi), and the opportunity to interact with traditional healers who are willing to share cultural perspectives and knowledge that inform local health practices. Such cultural perspectives as AI/AN origin stories, the value of community and elders over individual needs, and the role of spiritual practices in health may not correspond well to the US biomedical approach to either individual or public health, yet many AI/AN community members will seek both traditional and biomedical care. For trainees, understanding the benefits (and potential limitations) of AI/AN culture and traditional medical practices helps them to discuss and improve the treatment approach for AI/AN patients seen at NAHCs. Likewise, we encourage participation in federal, tribal, or nongovernmental program activities supporting health. For example, our current rotations involve introduction to substance use treatment facilities, interaction with community health representative networks, learning from food sovereignty initiatives, and engaging with primary- or secondary-level students interested in health professions. Such participation connects trainees to a variety of AI/AN community members working toward a climate of health.Rotations in communities facing health challenges different from those of a trainee's home institution can influence or sustain interest toward careers focused on health equity.24,25 Our developing curricula involve time for reflection, study of AI/AN community–recommended resources focused on health and health equity on reservations, and regular engagement of trainees in analysis of their experiences. We anticipate a focus on this topic in GME curricular design to assist in orienting trainee careers toward working to reduce health disparities. Future careers may involve continued direct health care within AI/AN communities or indirect practices positively affecting AI/AN communities.Trusting partnerships in medical education between AI/AN communities and AHCs are best developed with long-term and thoughtful discourse, as success is imperative on a true sense of the tribal community from their perspective. Recognizing that there is diversity in culture, geography, and community needs within the 573 federally recognized tribes and villages,26 goals for educational partnerships may vary considerably or not be in the best interest of an AI/AN community toward health improvement. Distance between AI/AN communities and AHCs may challenge relationship building toward GME rotations, but it is not an insurmountable barrier given modern transportation capabilities, well-modeled global rotations at many AHCs, and the opportunity to use and develop technologies such as telemedicine or online learning.13 Rotations require establishment of stable material resources (housing, available food sources, etc); they also require trainees, staff, and community organizations committed to educational exchange. Finally, there appears to be an increased need for recruitment of AI/AN administrators in leadership roles within AHCs, who may be able to better engage across tribal/IHS leadership and AHC administrations to promote GME partnerships in AI/AN communities.Alongside strategic programs to increase AI/AN representation and leadership within AHCs, collaborations in GME using the above topics can provide opportunities for GME to advance health equity in AI/AN communities. Practically, educators within AHCs should engage faculty working in AI/AN health systems, consider geographic proximity to AI/AN communities, connect to national professional networks such as the Association of American Indian Physicians,27 and ultimately meet with AI/AN community members, to explore the value of and need for developing GME educational partnerships. Educational partnerships can increase general awareness of disparities within AI/AN populations among trainees, cultivate trusting relationships, and develop a workforce committed to improving AI/AN health. Such partnerships between AI/AN communities and AHCs should be considered a key strategy to reduce disparities and promote health equity in AI/AN populations.